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ETHNICITY中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

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ethnicity 在英语-中文（简体）词典中的翻译

ethnicitynoun [ C or U ] uk

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/eθˈnɪs.ə.ti/ us

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/eθˈnɪs.ə.t̬i/

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a particular race of people, or the fact of being from a particular race of people

种族特点;种族渊源

Ethnicity is not considered when reviewing applications.

审查申请时不考虑种族。

Our students have many different nationalities, religions, and ethnicities.

我们的学生来自许多不同的国籍、宗教和种族背景。

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ethnic

更多范例减少例句The differences in parent income and education by ethnicity are startling.He was a Trinidadian of Indian ethnicity.He writes on ethnicity and other topics for an online journal. Statistical information by ethnicity was available.This can help people of different ethnicities and backgrounds to understand one another.I would never discriminate against someone from another ethnicity.

(ethnicity在剑桥英语-中文（简体）词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

ethnicity的例句

ethnicity

Some of the differences between participants that we initially ascribed to ethnicity, such as self-rated health, were strongly influenced by sample selection.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

It is important to confirm the ethnicity of these persons.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

While the inclusion of names is perhaps quite a basic marker of ethnicity, it should not be considered unimportant.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Relating the ethnicity of the skippers in the private sector to the types of ships they sailed produces the following picture.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

As a result, many rulers turned to parochial and exclusive identity groups, such as ethnicity, for support.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

As such, ethnicity as ideology provides a psychological formula which mitigates the uncertainties of state- society relations.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Critically, it was a peaceful process, remarkable in light of the tensions surrounding ethnicity and language in the country.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

A single ethnicity cannot govern effectively in a multi-ethnic country.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。

ethnicity的翻译

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etnia, origen étnico, grupo étnico…

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a soft, sweet, pink or white food

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race 和 ethnicity该怎么区别？ - 知乎

race 和 ethnicity该怎么区别？ - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册英语race 和 ethnicity该怎么区别？经常看到如果一段话里提到race，后面通常都会跟一个and ethnicity，它们的区别在哪儿？民族、种族？自我认知和外界标签？关注者36被浏览159,192关注问题写回答邀请回答好问题 2添加评论分享5 个回答默认排序May Wang若要了时当下了，若觅了时无了时。关注这学期正好修了一门社会学课程，讲述美国移民历史下的种族理解，首先看牛津字典和社会学字典上的两个单词的定义EthnicityIndividuals who consider themselves, or are considered by others, to share common characteristics that differentiate them from the other collectivities in a society, and from which they develop their distinctive cultural behaviour, form an ethnic group. Race:each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics 简言之，Race应该翻译成种族，它是以“外表”来区别，正如我们常说的黄种人，白种人，黑种人。种族歧视主义的英文就为Racist 而Ethnicity应该定义成族群，它是以后天的”文化认同“来区别，由于共同的信仰，语言，文化习俗和历史背景而产生的归属感，是一种主观的自我认定而形成的。这两个词还会经常同Nation（民族）相联系。对于社会学了解还是比较浅显，如果有错误还希望有所指正。发布于 2013-11-14 10:19赞同 955 条评论分享收藏喜欢收起吴蜀春菩萨畏因，众生畏果。关注工作的时候想到这个问题，给你看一个调查表里的划分吧。ethnicity下的选项分为：Hispanic or LatinoCentral AmericanCubanLatin AmericanDominicanMexicanPuerto RicanSouth AmericanSpaniardNot Hispanic or LatinoNot Applicablerace选项的划分为：American Indian or Alaska NativeAsianBlack or African AmericanNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific IslanderWhite发布于 2018-07-09 14:32赞同 142 条评论分享收藏喜欢

Ethnicity - Wikipedia

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1Terminology

2Definitions and conceptual history

Toggle Definitions and conceptual history subsection

2.1Approaches to understanding ethnicity

2.2Ethnicity theory in the United States

3Ethnicity and nationality

4Ethnicity and race

5Ethno-national conflict

6Ethnic groups by continent

Toggle Ethnic groups by continent subsection

6.1Africa

6.2Asia

6.3Europe

6.4North America

6.5South America

6.6Oceania

6.6.1Australia

7See also

8References

9Further reading

10External links

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Ethnicity

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العربيةБеларуская (тарашкевіца)Bikol CentralČeštinaDeutschفارسیनेपाली日本語PolskiPortuguêsРусскийSlovenčinaکوردیСрпски / srpskiTyapУкраїнська中文

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Socially defined category of people who identify with each other

For other uses, see Ethnicity (disambiguation).

"Ethnicities" redirects here. For the academic journal, see Ethnicities (journal).

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An ethnicity or ethnic group is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include a common nation of origin, or common sets of ancestry, traditions, language, history, society, religion, or social treatment.[1][2] The term ethnicity is often used interchangeably with the term nation, particularly in cases of ethnic nationalism.

Ethnicity may be construed as an inherited or societally imposed construct. Ethnic membership tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language, dialect, religion, mythology, folklore, ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art, or physical appearance. Ethnic groups may share a narrow or broad spectrum of genetic ancestry, depending on group identification, with many groups having mixed genetic ancestry.[3][4][5]

By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption, and religious conversion, individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another. Ethnic groups may be divided into subgroups or tribes, which over time may become separate ethnic groups themselves due to endogamy or physical isolation from the parent group. Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a pan-ethnicity and may eventually merge into one single ethnicity. Whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis.

Although both organic and performative criteria characterise ethnic groups, debate in the past has dichotomised between primordialism and constructivism. Earlier 20th-century "Primordialists" viewed ethnic groups as real phenomena whose distinct characteristics have endured since the distant past.[6] Perspectives that developed after the 1960s increasingly viewed ethnic groups as social constructs, with identity assigned by societal rules.[7]

Terminology[edit]

The term ethnic is derived from the Greek word ἔθνος ethnos (more precisely, from the adjective ἐθνικός ethnikos,[8] which was loaned into Latin as ethnicus). The inherited English language term for this concept is folk, used alongside the latinate people since the late Middle English period.

In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan (in the sense of disparate "nations" which did not yet participate in the Christian oikumene), as the Septuagint used ta ethne ("the nations") to translate the Hebrew goyim "the foreign nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews".[9] The Greek term in early antiquity (Homeric Greek) could refer to any large group, a host of men, a band of comrades as well as a swarm or flock of animals. In Classical Greek, the term took on a meaning comparable to the concept now expressed by "ethnic group", mostly translated as "nation, tribe, a unique people group"; only in Hellenistic Greek did the term tend to become further narrowed to refer to "foreign" or "barbarous" nations in particular (whence the later meaning "heathen, pagan").[10]

In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of "peculiar to a tribe, race, people or nation", in a return to the original Greek meaning. The sense of "different cultural groups", and in American English "tribal, racial, cultural or national minority group" arises in the 1930s to 1940s,[11] serving as a replacement of the term race which had earlier taken this sense but was now becoming deprecated due to its association with ideological racism.

The abstract ethnicity had been used as a stand-in for "paganism" in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an "ethnic character" (first recorded 1953).

The term ethnic group was first recorded in 1935 and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972.[12] Depending on context, the term nationality may be used either synonymously with ethnicity or synonymously with citizenship (in a sovereign state). The process that results in emergence of an ethnicity is called ethnogenesis, a term in use in ethnological literature since about 1950. The term may also be used with the connotation of something unique and unusually exotic (cf. "an ethnic restaurant", etc.), generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, who arrived after the dominant population of an area was established.

Depending on which source of group identity is emphasized to define membership, the following types of (often mutually overlapping) groups can be identified:

Ethno-linguistic, emphasizing shared language, dialect (and possibly script) – example: French Canadians

Ethno-national, emphasizing a shared polity or sense of national identity – example: Austrians

Ethno-racial, emphasizing shared physical appearance based on phenotype – example: African Americans

Ethno-regional, emphasizing a distinct local sense of belonging stemming from relative geographic isolation – example: South Islanders of New Zealand

Ethno-religious, emphasizing shared affiliation with a particular religion, denomination or sect – example: Sikhs

Ethno-cultural, emphasizing shared culture or tradition, often overlapping with other forms of ethnicity – example: Travellers

In many cases, more than one aspect determines membership: for instance, Armenian ethnicity can be defined by Armenian citizenship, having Armenian heritage, native use of the Armenian language, or membership of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Definitions and conceptual history[edit]

A group of ethnic Bengalis in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The Bengalis form the third-largest ethnic group in the world after the Han Chinese and Arabs.[13]

The Javanese people of Indonesia are the largest Austronesian ethnic group.

Ethnography begins in classical antiquity; after early authors like Anaximander and Hecataeus of Miletus, Herodotus laid the foundation of both historiography and ethnography of the ancient world c. 480 BC. The Greeks had developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of Hellenes. Herodotus (8.144.2) gave a famous account of what defined Greek (Hellenic) ethnic identity in his day, enumerating

shared descent (ὅμαιμον – homaimon, "of the same blood"),[14]

shared language (ὁμόγλωσσον – homoglōsson, "speaking the same language"),[15]

shared sanctuaries and sacrifices (Greek: θεῶν ἱδρύματά τε κοινὰ καὶ θυσίαι – theōn hidrumata te koina kai thusiai),[16]

shared customs (Greek: ἤθεα ὁμότροπα – ēthea homotropa, "customs of like fashion").[17][18][19]

Whether ethnicity qualifies as a cultural universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. Many social scientists,[20] such as anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. They regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups.[21][irrelevant citation]

According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently.

One is between "primordialism" and "instrumentalism". In the primordialist view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as an externally given, even coercive, social bond.[22] The instrumentalist approach, on the other hand, treats ethnicity primarily as an ad hoc element of a political strategy, used as a resource for interest groups for achieving secondary goals such as, for instance, an increase in wealth, power, or status.[23][24] This debate is still an important point of reference in Political science, although most scholars' approaches fall between the two poles.[25]

The second debate is between "constructivism" and "essentialism". Constructivists view national and ethnic identities as the product of historical forces, often recent, even when the identities are presented as old.[26][27] Essentialists view such identities as ontological categories defining social actors.[28][29]

According to Eriksen, these debates have been superseded, especially in anthropology, by scholars' attempts to respond to increasingly politicized forms of self-representation by members of different ethnic groups and nations. This is in the context of debates over multiculturalism in countries, such as the United States and Canada, which have large immigrant populations from many different cultures, and post-colonialism in the Caribbean and South Asia.[30]

Max Weber maintained that ethnic groups were künstlich (artificial, i.e. a social construct) because they were based on a subjective belief in shared Gemeinschaft (community). Secondly, this belief in shared Gemeinschaft did not create the group; the group created the belief. Third, group formation resulted from the drive to monopolize power and status. This was contrary to the prevailing naturalist belief of the time, which held that socio-cultural and behavioral differences between peoples stemmed from inherited traits and tendencies derived from common descent, then called "race".[31]

Another influential theoretician of ethnicity was Fredrik Barth, whose "Ethnic Groups and Boundaries" from 1969 has been described as instrumental in spreading the usage of the term in social studies in the 1980s and 1990s.[32] Barth went further than Weber in stressing the constructed nature of ethnicity. To Barth, ethnicity was perpetually negotiated and renegotiated by both external ascription and internal self-identification. Barth's view is that ethnic groups are not discontinuous cultural isolates or logical a priori to which people naturally belong. He wanted to part with anthropological notions of cultures as bounded entities, and ethnicity as primordialist bonds, replacing it with a focus on the interface between groups. "Ethnic Groups and Boundaries", therefore, is a focus on the interconnectedness of ethnic identities. Barth writes: "... categorical ethnic distinctions do not depend on an absence of mobility, contact, and information, but do entail social processes of exclusion and incorporation whereby discrete categories are maintained despite changing participation and membership in the course of individual life histories."[citation needed]

In 1978, anthropologist Ronald Cohen claimed that the identification of "ethnic groups" in the usage of social scientists often reflected inaccurate labels more than indigenous realities:

... the named ethnic identities we accept, often unthinkingly, as basic givens in the literature are often arbitrarily, or even worse inaccurately, imposed.[32]

In this way, he pointed to the fact that identification of an ethnic group by outsiders, e.g. anthropologists, may not coincide with the self-identification of the members of that group. He also described that in the first decades of usage, the term ethnicity had often been used in lieu of older terms such as "cultural" or "tribal" when referring to smaller groups with shared cultural systems and shared heritage, but that "ethnicity" had the added value of being able to describe the commonalities between systems of group identity in both tribal and modern societies. Cohen also suggested that claims concerning "ethnic" identity (like earlier claims concerning "tribal" identity) are often colonialist practices and effects of the relations between colonized peoples and nation-states.[32]

According to Paul James, formations of identity were often changed and distorted by colonization, but identities are not made out of nothing:

Categorizations about identity, even when codified and hardened into clear typologies by processes of colonization, state formation or general modernizing processes, are always full of tensions and contradictions. Sometimes these contradictions are destructive, but they can also be creative and positive.[33]

Social scientists have thus focused on how, when, and why different markers of ethnic identity become salient. Thus, anthropologist Joan Vincent observed that ethnic boundaries often have a mercurial character.[34] Ronald Cohen concluded that ethnicity is "a series of nesting dichotomizations of inclusiveness and exclusiveness".[32] He agrees with Joan Vincent's observation that (in Cohen's paraphrase) "Ethnicity ... can be narrowed or broadened in boundary terms in relation to the specific needs of political mobilization.[32] This may be why descent is sometimes a marker of ethnicity, and sometimes not: which diacritic of ethnicity is salient depends on whether people are scaling ethnic boundaries up or down, and whether they are scaling them up or down depends generally on the political situation.

Kanchan Chandra rejects the expansive definitions of ethnic identity (such as those that include common culture, common language, common history and common territory), choosing instead to define ethnic identity narrowly as a subset of identity categories determined by the belief of common descent.[35] Jóhanna Birnir similarly defines ethnicity as "group self-identification around a characteristic that is very difficult or even impossible to change, such as language, race, or location."[36]

Approaches to understanding ethnicity[edit]

Different approaches to understanding ethnicity have been used by different social scientists when trying to understand the nature of ethnicity as a factor in human life and society. As Jonathan M. Hall observes, World War II was a turning point in ethnic studies. The consequences of Nazi racism discouraged essentialist interpretations of ethnic groups and race. Ethnic groups came to be defined as social rather than biological entities. Their coherence was attributed to shared myths, descent, kinship, a commonplace of origin, language, religion, customs, and national character. So, ethnic groups are conceived as mutable rather than stable, constructed in discursive practices rather than written in the genes.[37]

Examples of various approaches are primordialism, essentialism, perennialism, constructivism, modernism, and instrumentalism.

"Primordialism", holds that ethnicity has existed at all times of human history and that modern ethnic groups have historical continuity into the far past. For them, the idea of ethnicity is closely linked to the idea of nations and is rooted in the pre-Weber understanding of humanity as being divided into primordially existing groups rooted by kinship and biological heritage.

"Essentialist primordialism" further holds that ethnicity is an a priori fact of human existence, that ethnicity precedes any human social interaction and that it is unchanged by it. This theory sees ethnic groups as natural, not just as historical. It also has problems dealing with the consequences of intermarriage, migration and colonization for the composition of modern-day multi-ethnic societies.[38]

"Kinship primordialism" holds that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship units, basically being derived by kinship or clan ties where the choices of cultural signs (language, religion, traditions) are made exactly to show this biological affinity. In this way, the myths of common biological ancestry that are a defining feature of ethnic communities are to be understood as representing actual biological history. A problem with this view on ethnicity is that it is more often than not the case that mythic origins of specific ethnic groups directly contradict the known biological history of an ethnic community.[38]

"Geertz's primordialism", notably espoused by anthropologist Clifford Geertz, argues that humans in general attribute an overwhelming power to primordial human "givens" such as blood ties, language, territory, and cultural differences. In Geertz' opinion, ethnicity is not in itself primordial but humans perceive it as such because it is embedded in their experience of the world.[38]

"Perennialism", an approach that is primarily concerned with nationhood but tends to see nations and ethnic communities as basically the same phenomenon holds that the nation, as a type of social and political organization, is of an immemorial or "perennial" character.[39] Smith (1999) distinguishes two variants: "continuous perennialism", which claims that particular nations have existed for very long periods, and "recurrent perennialism", which focuses on the emergence, dissolution and reappearance of nations as a recurring aspect of human history.[40]

"Perpetual perennialism" holds that specific ethnic groups have existed continuously throughout history.

"Situational perennialism" holds that nations and ethnic groups emerge, change and vanish through the course of history. This view holds that the concept of ethnicity is a tool used by political groups to manipulate resources such as wealth, power, territory or status in their particular groups' interests. Accordingly, ethnicity emerges when it is relevant as a means of furthering emergent collective interests and changes according to political changes in society. Examples of a perennialist interpretation of ethnicity are also found in Barth and Seidner who see ethnicity as ever-changing boundaries between groups of people established through ongoing social negotiation and interaction.

"Instrumentalist perennialism", while seeing ethnicity primarily as a versatile tool that identified different ethnics groups and limits through time, explains ethnicity as a mechanism of social stratification, meaning that ethnicity is the basis for a hierarchical arrangement of individuals. According to Donald Noel, a sociologist who developed a theory on the origin of ethnic stratification, ethnic stratification is a "system of stratification wherein some relatively fixed group membership (e.g., race, religion, or nationality) is used as a major criterion for assigning social positions".[41] Ethnic stratification is one of many different types of social stratification, including stratification based on socio-economic status, race, or gender. According to Donald Noel, ethnic stratification will emerge only when specific ethnic groups are brought into contact with one another, and only when those groups are characterized by a high degree of ethnocentrism, competition, and differential power. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture, and to downgrade all other groups outside one's own culture. Some sociologists, such as Lawrence Bobo and Vincent Hutchings, say the origin of ethnic stratification lies in individual dispositions of ethnic prejudice, which relates to the theory of ethnocentrism.[42] Continuing with Noel's theory, some degree of differential power must be present for the emergence of ethnic stratification. In other words, an inequality of power among ethnic groups means "they are of such unequal power that one is able to impose its will upon another".[41] In addition to differential power, a degree of competition structured along ethnic lines is a prerequisite to ethnic stratification as well. The different ethnic groups must be competing for some common goal, such as power or influence, or a material interest, such as wealth or territory. Lawrence Bobo and Vincent Hutchings propose that competition is driven by self-interest and hostility, and results in inevitable stratification and conflict.[42]

"Constructivism" sees both primordialist and perennialist views as basically flawed,[42] and rejects the notion of ethnicity as a basic human condition. It holds that ethnic groups are only products of human social interaction, maintained only in so far as they are maintained as valid social constructs in societies.

"Modernist constructivism" correlates the emergence of ethnicity with the movement towards nation states beginning in the early modern period.[43] Proponents of this theory, such as Eric Hobsbawm, argue that ethnicity and notions of ethnic pride, such as nationalism, are purely modern inventions, appearing only in the modern period of world history. They hold that prior to this ethnic homogeneity was not considered an ideal or necessary factor in the forging of large-scale societies.

Ethnicity is an important means by which people may identify with a larger group. Many social scientists, such as anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. They regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups.[21] The process that results in emergence of such identification is called ethnogenesis. Members of an ethnic group, on the whole, claim cultural continuities over time, although historians and cultural anthropologists have documented that many of the values, practices, and norms that imply continuity with the past are of relatively recent invention.[44][45]

Ethnic groups can form a cultural mosaic in a society. That could be in a city like New York City or Trieste, but also the fallen monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the United States. Current topics are in particular social and cultural differentiation, multilingualism, competing identity offers, multiple cultural identities and the formation of Salad bowl and melting pot.[46][47][48][49] Ethnic groups differ from other social groups, such as subcultures, interest groups or social classes, because they emerge and change over historical periods (centuries) in a process known as ethnogenesis, a period of several generations of endogamy resulting in common ancestry (which is then sometimes cast in terms of a mythological narrative of a founding figure); ethnic identity is reinforced by reference to "boundary markers" – characteristics said to be unique to the group which set it apart from other groups.[50][51][52][53][54][55]

Ethnicity theory in the United States[edit]

Ethnicity theory argues that race is a social category and is only one of several factors in determining ethnicity. Other criteria include "religion, language, 'customs', nationality, and political identification".[56] This theory was put forward by sociologist Robert E. Park in the 1920s. It is based on the notion of "culture".

This theory was preceded by more than 100 years during which biological essentialism was the dominant paradigm on race. Biological essentialism is the belief that some races, specifically white Europeans in western versions of the paradigm, are biologically superior and other races, specifically non-white races in western debates, are inherently inferior. This view arose as a way to justify enslavement of African Americans and genocide of Native Americans in a society that was officially founded on freedom for all. This was a notion that developed slowly and came to be a preoccupation with scientists, theologians, and the public. Religious institutions asked questions about whether there had been multiple creations of races (polygenesis) and whether God had created lesser races. Many of the foremost scientists of the time took up the idea of racial difference and found that white Europeans were superior.[57]

The ethnicity theory was based on the assimilation model. Park outlined four steps to assimilation: contact, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation. Instead of attributing the marginalized status of people of color in the United States to their inherent biological inferiority, he attributed it to their failure to assimilate into American culture. They could become equal if they abandoned their inferior cultures.

Michael Omi and Howard Winant's theory of racial formation directly confronts both the premises and the practices of ethnicity theory. They argue in Racial Formation in the United States that the ethnicity theory was exclusively based on the immigration patterns of the white population and did take into account the unique experiences of non-whites in the United States.[58] While Park's theory identified different stages in the immigration process – contact, conflict, struggle, and as the last and best response, assimilation – it did so only for white communities.[58] The ethnicity paradigm neglected the ways in which race can complicate a community's interactions with social and political structures, especially upon contact.

Assimilation – shedding the particular qualities of a native culture for the purpose of blending in with a host culture – did not work for some groups as a response to racism and discrimination, though it did for others.[58] Once the legal barriers to achieving equality had been dismantled, the problem of racism became the sole responsibility of already disadvantaged communities.[59] It was assumed that if a Black or Latino community was not "making it" by the standards that had been set by whites, it was because that community did not hold the right values or beliefs, or were stubbornly resisting dominant norms because they did not want to fit in. Omi and Winant's critique of ethnicity theory explains how looking to cultural defect as the source of inequality ignores the "concrete sociopolitical dynamics within which racial phenomena operate in the U.S."[60] It prevents critical examination of the structural components of racism and encourages a "benign neglect" of social inequality.[60]

Ethnicity and nationality[edit]

Further information: Nation state and minority group

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In some cases, especially involving transnational migration or colonial expansion, ethnicity is linked to nationality. Anthropologists and historians, following the modernist understanding of ethnicity as proposed by Ernest Gellner[61] and Benedict Anderson[62] see nations and nationalism as developing with the rise of the modern state system in the 17th century. They culminated in the rise of "nation-states" in which the presumptive boundaries of the nation coincided (or ideally coincided) with state boundaries.

Thus, in the West, the notion of ethnicity, like race and nation, developed in the context of European colonial expansion, when mercantilism and capitalism were promoting global movements of populations at the same time state boundaries were being more clearly and rigidly defined.

In the 19th century, modern states generally sought legitimacy through their claim to represent "nations". Nation-states, however, invariably include populations who have been excluded from national life for one reason or another. Members of excluded groups, consequently, will either demand inclusion based on equality or seek autonomy, sometimes even to the extent of complete political separation in their nation-state.[63] Under these conditions when people moved from one state to another,[64] or one state conquered or colonized peoples beyond its national boundaries – ethnic groups were formed by people who identified with one nation, but lived in another state.

Multi-ethnic states can be the result of two opposite events, either the recent creation of state borders at variance with traditional tribal territories, or the recent immigration of ethnic minorities into a former nation-state.

Examples for the first case are found throughout Africa, where countries created during decolonization inherited arbitrary colonial borders, but also in European countries such as Belgium or United Kingdom. Examples for the second case are countries such as Netherlands, which were relatively ethnically homogeneous when they attained statehood but have received significant immigration in the 17th century and even more so in the second half of the 20th century. States such as the United Kingdom, France and Switzerland comprised distinct ethnic groups from their formation and have likewise experienced substantial immigration, resulting in what has been termed "multicultural" societies, especially in large cities.

The states of the New World were multi-ethnic from the onset, as they were formed as colonies imposed on existing indigenous populations.

In recent decades, feminist scholars (most notably Nira Yuval-Davis)[65] have drawn attention to the fundamental ways in which women participate in the creation and reproduction of ethnic and national categories. Though these categories are usually discussed as belonging to the public, political sphere, they are upheld within the private, family sphere to a great extent.[66] It is here that women act not just as biological reproducers but also as "cultural carriers", transmitting knowledge and enforcing behaviors that belong to a specific collectivity.[67] Women also often play a significant symbolic role in conceptions of nation or ethnicity, for example in the notion that "women and children" constitute the kernel of a nation which must be defended in times of conflict, or in iconic figures such as Britannia or Marianne.

Ethnicity and race[edit]

The racial diversity of Asia's ethnic groups (original caption: Asiatiska folk), Nordisk familjebok (1904)

Ethnicity is used as a matter of cultural identity of a group, often based on shared ancestry, language, and cultural traditions, while race is applied as a taxonomic grouping, based on physical similarities among groups. Race is a more controversial subject than ethnicity, due to common political use of the term.[citation needed] Ramón Grosfoguel (University of California, Berkeley) argues that "racial/ethnic identity" is one concept and concepts of race and ethnicity cannot be used as separate and autonomous categories.[68]

Before Weber (1864–1920), race and ethnicity were primarily seen as two aspects of the same thing. Around 1900 and before, the primordialist understanding of ethnicity predominated: cultural differences between peoples were seen as being the result of inherited traits and tendencies.[69] With Weber's introduction of the idea of ethnicity as a social construct, race and ethnicity became more divided from each other.

In 1950, the UNESCO statement "The Race Question", signed by some of the internationally renowned scholars of the time (including Ashley Montagu, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Gunnar Myrdal, Julian Huxley, etc.), said:

National, religious, geographic, linguistic and cultural groups do not necessarily coincide with racial groups: and the cultural traits of such groups have no demonstrated genetic connection with racial traits. Because serious errors of this kind are habitually committed when the term "race" is used in popular parlance, it would be better when speaking of human races to drop the term "race" altogether and speak of "ethnic groups".[70]

In 1982, anthropologist David Craig Griffith summed up forty years of ethnographic research, arguing that racial and ethnic categories are symbolic markers for different ways people from different parts of the world have been incorporated into a global economy:

The opposing interests that divide the working classes are further reinforced through appeals to "racial" and "ethnic" distinctions. Such appeals serve to allocate different categories of workers to rungs on the scale of labor markets, relegating stigmatized populations to the lower levels and insulating the higher echelons from competition from below. Capitalism did not create all the distinctions of ethnicity and race that function to set off categories of workers from one another. It is, nevertheless, the process of labor mobilization under capitalism that imparts to these distinctions their effective values.[71]

According to Wolf, racial categories were constructed and incorporated during the period of European mercantile expansion, and ethnic groupings during the period of capitalist expansion.[72]

Writing in 1977 about the usage of the term "ethnic" in the ordinary language of Great Britain and the United States, Wallman noted

The term "ethnic" popularly connotes "[race]" in Britain, only less precisely, and with a lighter value load. In North America, by contrast, "[race]" most commonly means color, and "ethnics" are the descendants of relatively recent immigrants from non-English-speaking countries. "[Ethnic]" is not a noun in Britain. In effect there are no "ethnics"; there are only "ethnic relations".[73]

In the U.S., the OMB says the definition of race as used for the purposes of the US Census is not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference".[74]

Ethno-national conflict[edit]

Further information: Ethnic conflict

Sometimes ethnic groups are subject to prejudicial attitudes and actions by the state or its constituents. In the 20th century, people began to argue that conflicts among ethnic groups or between members of an ethnic group and the state can and should be resolved in one of two ways. Some, like Jürgen Habermas and Bruce Barry, have argued that the legitimacy of modern states must be based on a notion of political rights of autonomous individual subjects. According to this view, the state should not acknowledge ethnic, national or racial identity but rather instead enforce political and legal equality of all individuals. Others, like Charles Taylor and Will Kymlicka, argue that the notion of the autonomous individual is itself a cultural construct. According to this view, states must recognize ethnic identity and develop processes through which the particular needs of ethnic groups can be accommodated within the boundaries of the nation-state.

The 19th century saw the development of the political ideology of ethnic nationalism, when the concept of race was tied to nationalism, first by German theorists including Johann Gottfried von Herder. Instances of societies focusing on ethnic ties, arguably to the exclusion of history or historical context, have resulted in the justification of nationalist goals. Two periods frequently cited as examples of this are the 19th-century consolidation and expansion of the German Empire and the 20th century Nazi Germany. Each promoted the pan-ethnic idea that these governments were acquiring only lands that had always been inhabited by ethnic Germans. The history of late-comers to the nation-state model, such as those arising in the Near East and south-eastern Europe out of the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires, as well as those arising out of the USSR, is marked by inter-ethnic conflicts. Such conflicts usually occur within multi-ethnic states, as opposed to between them, as in other regions of the world. Thus, the conflicts are often misleadingly labeled and characterized as civil wars when they are inter-ethnic conflicts in a multi-ethnic state.

Ethnic groups by continent[edit]

Africa[edit]

Main article: List of ethnic groups of Africa

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Ethnic groups in Africa number in the hundreds, each generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture.

Asia[edit]

Main articles: Ethnic groups in Asia, East Asian people, South Asian ethnic groups, Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia, and Ethnic groups in the Middle East

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Assyrians are one of the indigenous peoples of Northern Iraq.

Ethnic groups are abundant throughout Asia, with adaptations to the climate zones of Asia, which can be the Arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical or tropical. The ethnic groups have adapted to mountains, deserts, grasslands, and forests.

On the coasts of Asia, the ethnic groups have adopted various methods of harvest and transport. Some groups are primarily hunter-gatherers, some practice transhumance (nomadic lifestyle), others have been agrarian/rural for millennia and others becoming industrial/urban. Some groups/countries of Asia are completely urban, such as those in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Singapore. The colonization of Asia was largely ended in the 20th century, with national drives for independence and self-determination across the continent.

In Indonesia alone, there are more than 1,300 ethnic groups recognized by the government, which are located on 17,000 islands in the Indonesian archipelago

Russia has more than 185 recognized ethnic groups besides the eighty percent ethnic Russian majority. The largest group is the Tatars, 3.8 percent. Many of the smaller groups are found in the Asian part of Russia (see Indigenous peoples of Siberia).

Europe[edit]

Main article: Ethnic groups in Europe

The Basques constitute an indigenous ethnic minority in both France and Spain.

Sámi family in Lapland of Finland, 1936

The Irish are an ethnic group from Ireland of which 70–80 million people worldwide claim ancestry.[75]

Europe has a large number of ethnic groups; Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities within every state they inhabit (although they may form local regional majorities within a sub-national entity). The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people or 14% of 770 million Europeans.[76]

A number of European countries, including France[77] and Switzerland, do not collect information on the ethnicity of their resident population.

An example of a largely nomadic ethnic group in Europe is the Roma, pejoratively known as Gypsies. They originated from India and speak the Romani language.

The Serbian province of Vojvodina is recognizable for its multi-ethnic and multi-cultural identity.[78][79] There are some 26 ethnic groups in the province,[80] and six languages are in official use by the provincial administration.[81]

North America[edit]

Main articles: Ethnic origins of people in Canada, Ethnic groups in Central America, Demographics of Greenland, Demographics of Mexico, Ethnic groups in the United States, Indigenous peoples of the Americas § North America, Native Americans in the United States, Indigenous peoples in Canada, Indigenous peoples of Mexico, and Caribbean people

The indigenous people in North America are Native Americans. During European colonization, Europeans arrived in North America. Most Native Americans died due to Spanish diseases and other European diseases such as smallpox during the European colonization of the Americas. The largest pan-ethnic group in the United States is White Americans. Hispanic and Latino Americans (Mexican Americans in particular) and Asian Americans have immigrated to the United States recently. In Mexico, most Mexicans are mestizo, a mixture of Spanish and Native American ancestry. Some Hispanic and Latino Americans living in the United States are not mestizos.[citation needed]

African slaves were brought to North America from the 16th to 19th centuries during the Atlantic slave trade. Many of them were sent to the Caribbean. Ethnic groups that live in the Caribbean are: indigenous peoples, Africans, Indians, white Europeans, Chinese and Portuguese. The first white Europeans to arrive in the Dominican Republic were the Spanish in 1492. The Caribbean was also colonized and discovered by the Portuguese, English, Dutch and French.[82]

A sizeable number of people in the United States have mixed-race identities. In 2021, the number of Americans who identified as non-Hispanic and more than one race was 13.5 million. The number of Hispanic Americans who identified as multiracial was 20.3 million.[83] Over the course of the 2010s decade, there was a 127% increase in non-Hispanic Americans who identified as multiracial.[83]

The largest ethnic groups in the United States are Germans, African Americans, Mexicans, Irish, English,

Americans, Italians, Poles, French, Scottish, Native Americans, Puerto Ricans, Norwegians, Dutch people, Swedish people, Chinese people, West Indians, Russians and Filipinos.[84]

In Canada, European Canadians are the largest ethnic group. In Canada, the indigenous population is growing faster than the non-indigenous population. Most immigrants in Canada come from Asia.[85]

South America[edit]

Main article: Ethnic groups in South America

The Founding of the Brazilian Fatherland, an 1899 allegorical painting depicting Brazilian statesman José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, one of the founding fathers of the country, with the flag of the Empire of Brazil and the three major ethnic groups in Brazil

In South America, although highly varying between regions, people are commonly mixed-race, indigenous, European, black African, and to a lesser extent also Asian.

Oceania[edit]

Main articles: Indigenous peoples of Oceania and Europeans in Oceania

Nearly all states in Oceania have majority indigenous populations, with notable exceptions being Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island, who have majority European populations.[86] States with smaller European populations include Guam, Hawaii and New Caledonia (whose Europeans are known as Caldoche).[87][88] Indigenous peoples of Oceania are Australian Aboriginals, Austronesians and Papuans, and they originated from Asia.[89] The Austronesians of Oceania are further broken up into three distinct groups; Melanesians, Micronesians and Polynesians.

Oceanic South Pacific islands nearing Latin America were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans in the 16th century, with nothing to indicate prehistoric human activity by Indigenous peoples of the Americas or Oceania.[90][91][92] Contemporary residents are mainly mestizos and Europeans from the Latin American countries whom administer them,[93] although none of these islands have extensive populations.[94] Easter Island are the only oceanic island politically associated with Latin America to have an indigenous population, the Polynesian Rapa Nui people.[95] Their current inhabitants include indigenous Polynesians and mestizo settlers from political administrators Chile, in addition to mixed-race individuals with Polynesian and mestizo/European ancestry.[95] The British overseas territory of Pitcairn Islands, to the west of Easter Island, have a population of approximately 50 people. They are mixed-race Euronesians who descended from an initial group of British and Tahitian settlers in the 18th century. The islands were previously inhabited by Polynesians; they had long abandoned Pitcairn by the time the settlers had arrived.[96] Norfolk Island, now an external territory of Australia, is also believed to have been inhabited by Polynesians prior to its initial European discovery in the 18th century. Some of their residents are descended from mixed-race Pitcairn Islanders that were relocated onto Norfolk due to overpopulation in 1856.[97]

The once uninhabited Bonin Islands, later politically integrated into Japan, have a small population consisting of Japanese mainlanders and descendants of early European settlers.[95] Archeological findings from the 1990s suggested there was possible prehistoric human activity by Micronesians prior to European discovery in the 16th century.[98]

Several political entities associated with Oceania are still uninhabited, including Baker Island, Clipperton Island, Howland Island and Jarvis Island.[99] There were brief attempts to settle Clipperton with Mexicans and Jarvis with Native Hawaiians in the early 20th century. The Jarvis settlers were relocated from the island due to Japanese advancements during World War II, while most of the settlers on Clipperton ended up dying from starvation and murdering one and other.[100]

Australia[edit]

Main articles: Indigenous Australians and Native white Australians

The first evident ethnic group to live in Australia were the Australian Aboriginals, a group considered related to the Melanesian Torres Strait Islander people. Europeans, primarily from England arrived first in 1770.

The 2016 Census shows England and New Zealand are the next most common countries of birth after Australia, the proportion of people born in China and India has increased since 2011 (from 6.0 per cent to 8.3 per cent, and 5.6 per cent to 7.4 per cent, respectively).

The proportion of people identifying as being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin increased from 2.5 per cent of the Australian population in 2011 to 2.8 per cent in 2016.

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ethnicitynoun [ C or U ] uk

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a particular race of people, or the fact of being from a particular race of people

種族特點;種族淵源

Ethnicity is not considered when reviewing applications.

審查申請時不考慮種族。

Our students have many different nationalities, religions, and ethnicities.

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更多範例减少例句The differences in parent income and education by ethnicity are startling.He was a Trinidadian of Indian ethnicity.He writes on ethnicity and other topics for an online journal. Statistical information by ethnicity was available.This can help people of different ethnicities and backgrounds to understand one another.I would never discriminate against someone from another ethnicity.

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The central claim of this book is that identities such as gender and ethnicity are achieved, not genetically ascribed.

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No single party was able to transcend limited constituencies based on religion, ethnicity, language, or region.

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Critically, it was a peaceful process, remarkable in light of the tensions surrounding ethnicity and language in the country.

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A single ethnicity cannot govern effectively in a multi-ethnic country.

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The concepts of race and, to a lesser extent, ethnicity are controversial.

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Some of the differences between participants that we initially ascribed to ethnicity, such as self-rated health, were strongly influenced by sample selection.

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British administrators emphasized ethnicity and origins as primary determinants of political organization and boundary making.

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ethnicity是什么意思_ethnicity的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典

icity是什么意思_ethnicity的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典首页翻译背单词写作校对词霸下载用户反馈专栏平台登录ethnicity是什么意思_ethnicity用英语怎么说_ethnicity的翻译_ethnicity翻译成_ethnicity的中文意思_ethnicity怎么读,ethnicity的读音,ethnicity的用法,ethnicity的例句翻译人工翻译试试人工翻译翻译全文简明柯林斯牛津ethnicity英 [eθˈnɪsəti]美 [eθˈnɪsəti]释义n.种族地位，种族特点，种族渊源点击人工翻译，了解更多人工释义词态变化复数: ethnicities;实用场景例句全部种族地位种族特点种族渊源Many factors are important, for example class, gender, age and ethnicity.许多因素都很重要，如阶级、性别、年龄及民族。牛津词典He said his ethnicity had not been important to him.他说他的种族渊源对他向来都不重要。柯林斯高阶英语词典Fuchs, Lawrence . The American Kaleidescope: Race, Ethnicity, and the Civic Culture . 1990.《美国万花筒: 种族、族群和公民文化》1990.期刊摘选Stroke prevalence also differs by race and ethnicity, age group and educational level, the researchers said.研究者说:由种族和民族, 年龄组和教育程度的差异, 中风发病率也是不同的.期刊摘选Ethnicity runs deep in this country and across the oceans of our diaspora.在华人群体中民族感深深地联系着这个国家,也包括了大量像我们这样的游子.期刊摘选A Lin comes from the Bai ethnicity in China.阿玲是个白族姑娘.期刊摘选With age, ethnicity, class status, living habits, age, personal accomplishment and emotional changes.随着时代、民族、阶级地位、生活习惯、年龄、个人修养和情绪的变化而变化.期刊摘选And it is defined by Pushtunwali: there is no Pushtun nation or, in fact, ethnicity.根据“ 普什图瓦里 ”的定义, 实际上不存在普什图民族(nation) 或种族(ethnicity).期刊摘选Most obviously, he says ,'t make about people's ethnicity, physical appearance, sexual preference or faith.最显著的是, 不要评论他人的种族、长相、性取向或宗教信仰.期刊摘选The country, divided by region, sect and ethnicity, has always been a work in progress.这个根据地区、宗派、种族的不同而划分的国家一直都在不断进步.期刊摘选The project is based on poverty, rather than ethnicity.这个项目是基于贫困的, 而不是针对种族歧视.期刊摘选And some Roma criminals appeal to shared ethnicity.一些吉普赛罪犯呼吁“本是同根生”.期刊摘选Race, ethnicity, and nationality must be acknowledged as pervasive and potent.我们必须承认, 种族、民族、国籍是普遍存在的,并且有着强大的影响力.期刊摘选The English language is full of other apparently contradictory tendencies for words relating to ethnicity.英语中还充满了其他一些显然具有矛盾倾向的与种族相关的词.期刊摘选It won't matter whether you were beautiful or brilliant. Your gender, skin color, ethnicity will be irrelevant.你是美貌如花还是才华横溢也不重要了. 你的性别、肤色、种族都无关紧要了.期刊摘选Patriarchy is a seminal concept in feminist studies and has different implications and ethnicity.父权制是女性主义研究中的一个核心概念,它包含有多种不同的意义.期刊摘选In Tianjin, only those with Hui ethnicity can choose burial rather cremation.在天津市, 只有回族可以选择土葬,其他人必须被火化.期刊摘选Your creative text should be an autobiographical narrative that describes your emergence into an ethnicity.你的创意剧本应是自传体的叙述,描绘你在种族特性中的体验.期刊摘选Many people of Korean ethnicity gather and live together near our northeastern border.我国东北边境集居着很多朝鲜族.期刊摘选When they looked at specific groups stratified according to age or ethnicity, the results were similar.观察依年龄和种族划分的不同组别后所得结果也相似.期刊摘选Ethnicity has a strong influence on community status relations.新移民由于他们的种族特征往往会被当局截查.《简明英汉词典》Sanchez, George . Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles . 1993.《成为墨裔美国人: 族群、文化和洛杉矶墨裔的认同》1993.期刊摘选Religious beliefs, ethnicity, social class and individual taste all affect how American families celebrate Christmas.宗教信仰、道德、社会阶层与个人趣味都影响着美国各个家庭怎样过圣诞节.期刊摘选Your gender, skin color, ethnicity will be irrelevant.你的性别、肤色、种族地位也将消失.期刊摘选They did not give a specific date, or identify the ethnicity of the suspects.这些报导没有提供这些嫌疑人的民族背景或者具体的日期.期刊摘选The cutoff mark can vary by an applicant's place of residence and ethnicity.分数线根据不同因素综合决定,不同居住地和民族等分数线不同.期刊摘选There is probably a scholarship program for your particular major, ethnicity group, or background.很可能会有为你的特殊专业, 种族或者背景所提供的奖学金.期刊摘选PARTICIPANTS: Persons of Malay ethnicity, between 40 and 80 years of age, living in Singapore.参与者: 生活在新加坡的马来族人, 年龄在40~80岁.期刊摘选We are very close to Tibetans in of language, religion, culture, history, ethnicity, civilization and geography.我们与西藏人在语言, 宗教, 文化, 历史, 民族, 文明和地理非常接近.期刊摘选Literature, Religion, Gender and Ethnicity: England, Middle East and China in the Middle Ages.文学、教、别和民族:中古时代的英国、东、国》台北: 联经.期刊摘选收起实用场景例句真题例句全部考研Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.出自-2015年考研阅读原文收起真题例句英英释义Noun1. an ethnic quality or affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties;"ethnicity has a strong influence on community status relations"收起英英释义释义词态变化实用场景例句真题例句英

ETHNIC中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

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ethnic 在英语-中文（简体）词典中的翻译

ethnicadjective uk

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/ˈeθ.nɪk/ us

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C1 relating to a particular race of people

民族的;种族的

A question on ethnic origin was included in the census.

人口普查项目包括一个有关种族出身的问题。

The factory's workforce reflects the ethnic mix from which it draws its labour.

这个工厂的员工组成反映了劳动力来源的种族杂居状况。

Conflicts between the different ethnic groups in the country exploded into civil war.

该国不同族群之间的冲突激化，引发了内战。

from a different race, or interesting because characteristic of an ethnic group that is very different from those that are common in western culture

异族的;具有民族特色的;异国风味的

ethnic food

异国风味的食物

ethnic costume

具有民族特色的服饰

更多范例减少例句Disturbances have once again broken out between the two ethnic groups.We do not differentiate between our workers on the basis of their background or ethnic origin.Teachers claim such measures could unfairly disadvantage ethnic minorities.Television should reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country.Have ethnic tensions in the area been reduced by intermarriage?

ethnicnoun [ C ] US uk

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/ˈeθ.nɪk/ us

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/ˈeθ.nɪk/

a person belonging to an ethnic group

少数民族的一员

(ethnic在剑桥英语-中文（简体）词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

ethnic的例句

ethnic

Results showed a decline of open-earedness for unconventional music (classical, ethnic and avant-garde music) from grade 1 to 2 (age: 7-8 years).

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Each ethnic group is more likely to have crews of its own ethnic group.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

There have been several attempts to identify the ethnic background of respondents on the basis of names.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Ethnic questions, in particular, remained at the forefront of domestic discontent.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Superficial renderings of models for cultural competency can result in ethnic stereotyping.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Information about social class, ethnic origin, employment status, type of housing tenure, and access to a car was obtained from the subjects.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Cross-national studies of economic growth include a war variable to capture effects of political and ethnic factors.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

While language and ethnicity overlap considerably, our consultants linked the names taken from the register with ethnic groups rather than language.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。

ethnic的翻译

中文（繁体）

民族的, 種族的, 異族的…

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étnico, miembro de un grupo étnico, étnico/ca [masculine-feminine]…

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वांशिक - लोकांच्या विशिष्ट जातीशी, वंशाशी संबंधित, वांशिक परंपरेनुसार - पाश्चात्य संस्कृतीत सामान्य असलेल्यांपेक्षा खूप भिन्न असलेल्या वांशिक गटाचे वैशिष्ट्य सांगणारे. हे भिन्न वंशातील असल्याने स्वारस्यपूर्ण.…

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ırksal, ulusal kavimle ilgili, etnik…

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ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட இன மக்களுடன் தொடர்புடையது, வேறு இனத்தைச் சேர்ந்தவர், அல்லது மேற்கத்திய கலாச்சாரத்தில் பொதுவானவற்றிலிருந்து மிகவும் வேறுபட்ட ஒரு இனக் குழுவின் சிறப்பியல்பு…

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नृजातीय, पश्चिमी संस्कृति से भिन्न होने के कारण रुचिकर, विशिष्ट सांस्कृतिक…

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etnisk, ras-, folk-…

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نسلی, نسلوں کی گونا گوئی…

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వ్యక్తుల యొక్క ఒక నిర్దిష్ట జాతికి సంబంధించినది, పాశ్చాత్య సంస్కృతిలో సాధారణమైన వాటికి చాలా భిన్నంగా ఉండే జాతి సమూహం యొక్క లక్షణం వేరే జాతి నుండి లేదా ఆసక్తికరంగా ఉంటుంది…

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জাতিগত, পশ্চিমী সংস্কৃতি থেকে আলাদা জাতিগত…

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etnický, folklorní…

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etnis…

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เกี่ยวกับชาติพันธุ์…

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dân tộc…

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etniczny…

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ethnic的发音是什么？

在英语词典中查看 ethnic 的释义

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ethmoidal

ethnic

ethnic cleansing

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multi-ethnic

ethnic cleansing

ethnic minority

inter-ethnic, at interethnic

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/ˌmɑːʃˈmæl.əʊ/

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/ˈmɑːrʃˌmæl.oʊ/

a soft, sweet, pink or white food

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ETHNICITY | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

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Meaning of ethnicity in English

ethnicitynoun [ C or U ] uk

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/eθˈnɪs.ə.ti/ us

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/eθˈnɪs.ə.t̬i/

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a large group of people with a shared culture, language, history, set of traditions, etc., or the fact of belonging to one of these groups: Ethnicity is not considered when reviewing applications. Our students have many different nationalities, religions, and ethnicities. See

ethnic

More examplesFewer examplesThe differences in parent income and education by ethnicity are startling.He was a Trinidadian of Indian ethnicity.He writes on ethnicity and other topics for an online journal. Statistical information by ethnicity was available.This can help people of different ethnicities and backgrounds to understand one another.I would never discriminate against someone from another ethnicity.

(Definition of ethnicity from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)

ethnicity | American Dictionary

ethnicitynoun [ C/U ] us

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a large group of people who have the same national, racial, or cultural origins, or the state of belonging to such a group: [ U ] They place no importance on ethnicity.

(Definition of ethnicity from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

Examples of ethnicity

ethnicity

Critically, it was a peaceful process, remarkable in light of the tensions surrounding ethnicity and language in the country.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

As such, ethnicity as ideology provides a psychological formula which mitigates the uncertainties of state- society relations.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

While the inclusion of names is perhaps quite a basic marker of ethnicity, it should not be considered unimportant.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

It is important to confirm the ethnicity of these persons.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

The nine participants differed in age, diagnosis and ethnicity.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

Finally, a measurement artifact that possibly could account for these results is that the direction of reporting bias for maltreatment cases differs by ethnicity.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

Pretenders to power were unable to call upon the idioms of class, ethnicity or even religion to rouse popular movements in their support.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

Cross-cutting subject areas include children and the family, disability, gender, mental health, old age, race/ethnicity and young people.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

The central claim of this book is that identities such as gender and ethnicity are achieved, not genetically ascribed.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

Some of the differences between participants that we initially ascribed to ethnicity, such as self-rated health, were strongly influenced by sample selection.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

As a result, many rulers turned to parochial and exclusive identity groups, such as ethnicity, for support.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

A single ethnicity cannot govern effectively in a multi-ethnic country.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

Relative risks adjusted for gender, age in 1981, socio-economic status, self-reported ethnicity and marital status in 1981.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

Relative risks adjusted for gender, age in 1981, socio-economic status, self-reported ethnicity and marital status in1981.

From the Cambridge English Corpus

What does ethnicity have to do with adolescents' psychosocial functioning?

From the Cambridge English Corpus

See all examples of ethnicity

These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.

What is the pronunciation of ethnicity?

Translations of ethnicity

in Chinese (Traditional)

種族特點, 種族淵源…

in Chinese (Simplified)

种族特点, 种族渊源…

in Spanish

etnia, origen étnico, grupo étnico…

in Portuguese

etnicidade, etnia…

in more languages

in French

in Turkish

in Dutch

in Czech

in Danish

in Indonesian

in Thai

in Vietnamese

in Polish

in Swedish

in Malay

in German

in Norwegian

in Ukrainian

ethnicité…

etnik yapı…

etniciteit…

etnický původ…

etnisk tilhørsforhold, etnicitet…

etnisitas, kedaerahan…

ชาติพันธุ์…

sắc tộc…

etniczność…

etnicitet…

etnisiti…

die Ethnizität…

etnisitet…

національність…

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ethnicity（英语单词）_百度百科

icity（英语单词）_百度百科网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心ethnicity是一个多义词，请在下列义项上选择浏览（共2个义项）添加义项收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10ethnicity播报讨论上传视频英语单词ethnicity，英语单词，主要用作名词，作名词时译为“种族划分”。 [1]外文名ethnicity词性名词英式发音[eθˈnɪsəti]美式发音[eθˈnɪsəti]目录1单词用法2短语搭配3双语例句单词用法播报编辑 1.N-VAREthnicity is the state or fact of belonging to a particular ethnic group. 种族特点; 种族渊源 [1]短语搭配播报编辑 ethnicity identity 种族身份 ; 民族认同China Ethnicity 中国民族Asian Ethnicity 亚洲族群 ; 亚洲族裔situational ethnicity 视状况而定的族群认同fictive ethnicity 虚构的族群Mulao ethnicity 仫佬族Israeli ethnicity 以色列民族Recreated ethnicity 再生的种族划分 [1]双语例句播报编辑 He said his ethnicity had not been important to him.他说他的种族渊源对他向来都不重要。Many factors are important, for example class, gender, age and ethnicity.许多因素都很重要，如阶级、性别、年龄及民族。The government uses a classification system that includes both race and ethnicity.政府采用一种既包括人种又包括种族的类别体系。 [1] 新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号京公网安备110000020000

Race and ethnicity facts and information

Skip to contentNewslettersSubscribeMenuCULTUREEXPLAINERRace and ethnicity: How are they different?Race and ethnicity don't show up at the genetic level, but the concept of race still forms the human experience.The four letters of the genetic code —A, C, G, and T—are projected onto Ryan Lingarmillar, a Ugandan. DNA reveals what skin color obscures: Race is a construct.Photograph by Robin Hammond, Nat Geo Image CollectionByErin BlakemoreFebruary 22, 2019•4 min readRace and ethnicity are two concepts related to human ancestry. Race is defined as “a category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical traits.” The term ethnicities is more broadly defined as “large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background.”“Race” is usually associated with biology and linked with physical characteristics such as skin color or hair texture. “Ethnicity” is linked with cultural expression and identification. However, both are social constructs used to categorize and characterize seemingly distinct populations.Ethnicities share a cultural background. Mea Shearim neighborhood, just outside of Damascus Gate in Jerusalem, is populated mainly by Haredi Jews.

Photograph by John Stanmeyer, Nat Geo Image CollectionGenetics and raceNeither race nor ethnicity is detectable in the human genome. Humans do have genetic variations, some of which were once associated with ancestry from different parts of the world. But those variations cannot be tracked to distinct biological categories. Genetic tests cannot be used to verify or determine race or ethnicity, though the tests themselves are associated with an increased belief in racial differences.Though race has no genetic basis, the social concept of race still shapes human experiences. Racial bias fuels social exclusion, discrimination and violence against people from certain social groups. In turn, racial prejudice confers social privilege to some and social and physical disparities to others, and is widely expressed in hierarchies that privilege people with white skin over people with darker skin colors.Categorizing raceRace and ethnicity are often regarded as the same, but the social and biological sciences consider the concepts distinct. In general, people can adopt or deny ethnic affiliations more readily than racial ones, though different ethnicities have been folded into racial categories during different periods of history.Religious customs also play a part in ethnicity. Here, worshipers celebrate the blessing of the water and washing of the Ethiopian Patriarchs' feet on Holy Thursday in the Old City in Jerusalem.

Photograph by John Stanmeyer, Nat Geo Image CollectionAs legal scholar Tanya K. Hernandez writes, “The social experience of being consistently viewed as distinct is what informs a racial identity, not a shared culture.” People who share an ethnicity may speak the same language, come from the same country, or share a religion or other cultural belief or expression.1:27The politics of raceThe United States government recognizes distinctions between the concept of race and ethnicity, and sorts individuals as White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, or “other.” It also recognizes two ethnicities: Hispanic or Latino and Not Hispanic or Latino. This demographic data in turn affects public policy and civil rights law.Humans share over 99 percent of their genetic material with one another, and variation occurs more between individuals than ethnic groups. 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List of ethnic groups in China - Wikipedia

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1Officially recognized groups

2Taiwanese aborigines

3Unlisted ethnic groups

4Hong Kong and Macau

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List of ethnic groups in China

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العربيةAzərbaycancaবাংলাBân-lâm-gúБългарскиCatalàČeštinaDeutschEmiliàn e rumagnòlEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançais客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어Bahasa IndonesiaItalianoҚазақшаLatviešuLietuviųМакедонски閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄МонголNederlandsNorsk bokmålNorsk nynorskOccitanPolskiPortuguêsРусскийSimple EnglishСрпски / srpskiSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்TürkçeУкраїнськаاردوTiếng Việt粵語中文

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the ethnic groups in historical China, see Ethnic groups in Chinese history.

Ethnolinguistic map of China

China's Autonomous Regions and its Designated Ethnic Minority

The Han people are the largest ethnic group in mainland China. In 2010, 91.51% of the population were classified as Han (~1.2 billion).[1] Besides the Han Chinese majority, 55 other ethnic (minority) groups are categorized in present-day China, numbering approximately 105 million people (8%), mostly concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south and southwest but with some in central interior areas.

The major ethnic minorities in China are the Zhuang (19.6 million), Uyghurs (11 million), Hui (11.4 million), Miao (11 million), Manchu (10.4 million), Yi (9.8 million), Tujia (9.6 million), Tibetans (7 million), Mongols (6.3 million), Buyei (3.5 million), Dong (3.5 million), Yao (3.3 million), Bai (2 million), Koreans (1.7 million), Hani (1.7 million), Li (1.6 million), Kazakhs (1.5 million), and Dai (1.2 million).[2] At least 126,000 people from Canada, the United States, and Europe are living in mainland China.[3] In addition, there are a number of unrecognized ethnic groups which together comprise over 730,000 people.

Officially recognized groups[edit]

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Officially recognized ethnic groups receive or have received certain benefits over Han Chinese under the regional ethnic autonomy system, including affirmative action, exemptions from the one-child policy, designated seats in political organs and government support to preserve their culture. Ethnic minority autonomous areas receive additional state subsidies.[4][5] Languages of officially recognized minorities are used in official government documents.[6]

Soon after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, 39 ethnic groups were recognized by the first national census in 1954. This further increased to 54 by the second national census in 1964, with the Lhoba group added in 1965. The last change was the addition of the Jino people in 1979, bringing the number of recognized ethnic groups to the current 56. The following are the 56 ethnic groups (listed by population) officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.[7]

English Name

Standard Romanization

CodeA

Simplified Chinese

Mandarin Pinyin

2020 National Shares

2020 PopulationB

2010 PopulationB

2000 PopulationB

1990 PopulationB

Year of recognitionC

Han1

Han

汉族

Hànzú

91.1098%

1,284,446,389

1,220,844,520

1,139,773,008

1,042,482,187

1954

Zhuang

壮族

Zhuàngzú

1.3801%

19,568,546

16,926,381

16,187,163

15,489,630

1954

Uyghur

Uygur

维吾尔族

Wéiwú'ěrzú

0.8352%

11,774,538

10,069,346

8,405,416

7,214,431

1954

Hui2

Hui

回族

Huízú

0.8070%

11,377,914

10,586,087

9,828,126

8,602,978

1954

Miao3

Miao

苗族

Miáozú

0.7851%

11,067,929

9,426,007

8,945,538

7,398,035

1954

Manchu

Man

满族

Mǎnzú

0.7394%

10,423,303

10,387,958

10,708,464

9,821,180

1954

彝族

Yízú

0.6973%

9,830,327

8,714,393

7,765,858

6,572,173

1954

Tujia

土家族

Tǔjiāzú

0.6801%

9,587,732

8,353,912

8,037,014

5,704,223

1964

Tibetan4

Zang

藏族

Zàngzú

0.5008%

7,060,731

6,282,187

5,422,954

4,593,330

1954

Mongol

蒙古族

Měnggǔzú

0.4461%

6,290,204

5,981,840

5,827,808

4,806,849

1954

Bouyei

布依族

Bùyīzú

0.2537%

3,576,752

2,870,034

2,973,217

2,545,059

1954

Dong5

Dong

侗族

Dòngzú

0.2480%

3,495,993

2,879,974

2,962,911

2,514,014

1954

Yao

瑶族

Yáozú

0.2347%

3,309,341

2,796,003

2,638,878

2,134,013

1954

Bai

白族

Báizú

0.1484%

2,091,543

1,933,510

1,861,895

1,594,827

1954

Hani6

Hani

哈尼族

Hānízú

0.1229%

1,733,166

1,660,932

1,440,029

1,253,952

1954

Korean

Chosŏn

朝鲜族

Cháoxiǎnzú

0.1207%

1,702,479

1,830,929

1,929,696

1,920,597

1954

黎族

Lízú

0.1136%

1,602,104

1,463,064

1,248,022

1,110,900

1954

Kazakh

Kazak

哈萨克族

Hāsàkèzú

0.1108%

1,562,518

4,447,588

4,251,023

3,111,718

1954

Dai7

Dai

傣族

Dǎizú

0.0943%

1,329,985

1,261,311

1,159,231

1,025,128

1954

Lisu

傈僳族

Lìsùzú

0.0541%

762,296

702,839

635,101

574,856

1954

She

畲族

Shēzú

0.0529%

746,385

708,651

710,039

630,378

1964

Dongxiang

东乡族

Dōngxiāngzú

0.0550%

774,947

621,500

513,826

373,872

1954

Gelao

仡佬族

Gēlǎozú

0.0481%

677,521

550,746

579,744

437,997

1964

Lahu

拉祜族

Lāhùzú

0.0354%

499,167

485,966

453,765

411,476

1954

Sui

水族

Shuǐzú

0.0352%

495,928

411,847

407,000

345,993

1954

佤族

Wǎzú

0.0306%

430,997

429,709

396,709

351,974

1954

Nakhi8

Naxi

纳西族

Nàxīzú

0.0230%

323,767

326,295

309,477

278,009

1954

Qiang

羌族

Qiāngzú

0.0222%

312,981

309,576

306,476

198,252

1954

土族

Tǔzú

0.0200%

281,928

289,565

241,593

191,624

1954

Mulao9

Mulao

仫佬族

Mùlǎozú

0.0197%

277,233

216,257

207,464

159,328

1964

Kyrgyz

Kirgiz

柯尔克孜族

Kē'ěrkèzīzú

0.0145%

204,402

186,708

160,875

141,549

1954

Xibe

锡伯族

Xībózú

0.0136%

191,911

190,481

189,357

172,847

1954

Salar

撒拉族

Sālāzú

0.0117%

165,159

130,607

104,521

87,697

1954

Jingpo10

Jingpo

景颇族

Jǐngpōzú

0.0114%

160,471

147,828

132,158

119,209

1954

Daur

达斡尔族

Dáwò'ěrzú

0.0094%

132,299

131,992

132,747

121,357

1964

Blang

布朗族

Bùlǎngzú

0.0090%

127,345

119,639

91,891

82,280

1964

Maonan11

Maonan

毛南族

Máonánzú

0.0088%

124,092

101,192

107,184

71,968

1964

Tajik12

Tajik

塔吉克族

Tǎjíkèzú

0.0036%

50,896

51,069

41,056

33,538

1954

Pumi

普米族

Pǔmǐzú

0.0032%

45,012

42,861

33,628

29,657

1964

Achang

阿昌族

Āchāngzú

0.0031%

43,775

39,555

33,954

27,708

1964

怒族

Nùzú

0.0026%

36,575

37,523

28,770

27,123

1964

Evenki

Ewenki

鄂温克族

Èwēnkèzú

0.0025%

34,617

30,875

30,545

26,315

1954

Vietnamese13

Gin

京族

Jīngzú

0.0024%

33,112

28,199

22,584

18,915

1964

Jino

基诺族

Jīnuòzú

0.0018%

26,025

23,143

20,899

18,021

1979

Bonan

保安族

Bǎo'ānzú

0.0017%

24,434

20,074

16,505

12,212

1954

De'ang14

Deang

德昂族

Dé'ángzú

0.0016%

22,354

20,556

17,935

15,462

1964

Russian

Russ

俄罗斯族

Éluósīzú

0.0011%

16,136

15,393

15,631

13,504

1954

Yugur

裕固族

Yùgùzú

0.0010%

14,706

14,378

13,747

12,297

1954

Uzbek

乌孜别克族

Wūzībiékèzú

0.0009%

12,742

10,569

12,423

14,502

1954

Monba

门巴族

Ménbāzú

0.0008%

11,143

10,561

8,928

7,475

1964

Oroqen

鄂伦春族

Èlúnchūnzú

0.0007%

9,168

8,659

8,216

6,965

1954

Derung

独龙族

Dúlóngzú

0.0005%

7,310

6,930

7,431

5,816

1964

Hezhen15

Hezhen

赫哲族

Hèzhézú

0.0004%

5,373

5,354

4,664

4,245

1964

Lhoba

珞巴族

Luòbāzú

0.0003%

4,237

3,682

2,970

2,312

1965

Tatars

Tatar

塔塔尔族

Tǎtǎ'ěrzú

0.0003%

3,544

3,556

4,895

4,873

1954

Gaoshan16

Gaoshan

高山族

Gāoshānzú

0.0002%

3,479

4,009

4,488

2,909

1954

Undistinguished

—

none

未识别民族

Wèi Shìbié Mínzú

0.0593%

836,488

640,101

734,438

749,341

—

Naturalized Citizen

—

none

外国人加入中国籍

Wàiguórén Jiārù Zhōngguójí

0.0012%

16,595

1,448

941

3,421

—

AGB 3304－91 "Names of ethnicities of China in romanization with codes";[8]

BThe population only includes mainland China;

CFor ethnic groups officially recognised in 1964 or earlier, this is the year of first inclusion in the national census, which were in 1954[9] and 1964;[10]

1Also included are the Chuanqing;

2Also includes Utsuls of Hainan, descended from Cham refugees;

3One subset of which is also known as Hmong and other include Hmu, Xong and A-Hmao. Some of the related languages and groups of peoples are not necessarily classified under the Miao umbrella, which makes this term somewhat vague;

4including Amdowa and Khampa, as well as roughly half of Pumi speakers, the remainder of whom are classified as a separate Pumi ethnicity;

5Also known as Kam;

6Also included are the Sangkong;

7This category includes several different Tai-speaking groups historically referred to as Bai-yi. In fact, the Dai nationality consists of speakers of varieties of Shan languages. For instance, the Tai Lue and Tai Nuea peoples are actually subgroups of the Shan people. Despite this, speakers of Bumang are also included in the Dai nationality;

8Also included are the Mosuo;

9Also included are the Qago (木佬人);

10Known as Kachin in Myanmar;

11Also included are the Then;

12They are not Tajik people but Pamiri people;

13The same group as Vietnamese or Kinh people in Sino-Vietnamese;

14Known as Palaung in Myanmar;

15The same group as Nanai on the Russian side of the border;

16A collective name for all Taiwanese aborigine groups in Taiwan. In fact, the numbers of Gaoshan in census covers only those who lives in mainland China (mainly in Fujian) and consists of Amis (autonym: Pangcah), Paiwan and Bunun peoples.[citation needed]

Taiwanese aborigines[edit]

Main article: Taiwanese indigenous peoples

The People's Republic of China government officially refers to all Taiwanese aborigines (Chinese: 原住民族; pinyin: Yuánzhùmínzú) as Gaoshan (Chinese: 高山族; pinyin: Gāoshānzú), whereas the Republic of China (Taiwan) recognizes 16 groups of Taiwanese aborigines.[11] The term Gaoshan has a different connotation in Taiwan than it does in mainland China.[clarification needed]

Unlisted ethnic groups[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Main article: Unrecognized ethnic groups in China

Part of a poster in Beijing showing the 56 ethnic groups of China

The following ethnic groups living in China are not recognized by the Chinese government:

Äynu people – classified as Uyghurs

Altai people – classified as Mongols[12]

Fuyu Kyrgyz people – classified as Kyrgyz

Gejia people – classified as Miao

Bajia (八甲人; Bājiǎrén)

Deng people

Hu people – classified as Bulang

Khmu people – classified as Bulang

Kucong

Mảng people

Ili Turk people – classified as Uzbek

Sherpa people – classified as Tibetan

Tanka people, including Fuzhou Tanka

Tebbu people

Tuvans – classified as Mongols[13]

Waxiang people

Jewish people

Macanese people, mixed race Catholic Portuguese speakers who lived in Macau since 16th century of various ethnic origins

Utsuls – classified as Hui

During the Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China held in 2000, 734,438 people on the mainland were recorded as belonging to "undistinguished ethnic groups"—of these, 97% resided in Guizhou, .[14]

Hong Kong and Macau[edit]

See also: Demographics of Hong Kong and Demographics of Macau

Hong Kong and Macau are special administrative regions within China. The governments of Hong Kong and Macau do not use the official PRC ethnic classification system, nor does the PRC's official classification system take ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau into account. Minority groups such as Western Europeans (mainly English and Portuguese), and Southern or Southeastern Asians (mainly Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Nepalese, and Pakistanis) live in Hong Kong.[15] Macau's main ethnic groups are of Chinese and Portuguese descent, but other ethnicities also live in the territory.[16]

Gallery[edit]

Han

Zhuang

Manchu

Hui

Miao

Uyghur

Tujia

Mongol

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