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What does inc. mean? | LegalZoom

does inc. mean? | LegalZoomBusinessPersonalAttorneysFormsSupportSign inOpen main menuBusiness FormationCorporationsForming Your CorporationWhat does inc. mean?When you see "inc." after a company name mean and what does it tell you about the company? There are several abbreviations that companies include in their official titles.

Ready to start your business?Check availabilityExcellentForming Your CorporationLearn moreby Brette Sember, J.D.Brette is a former attorney and has been a freelance writer and editor for more than 25 years. She is the author of m...Read more...ContentsUpdated on: January 12, 2023 · 2min readWhat does inc. stand for?What does it mean to be incorporated?Steps to incorporationWhen you set out to create a business, you first need to decide what kind of legal structure your company is going to have.

Incorporating (and including “inc." after your company's name) is one option. And yet you may have wondered—both for you and your business—what does inc. mean?

Would you be better structured as a limited company? The more you know, the clearer your options will be.

What does inc. stand for?

When a company has the letters “inc." after its name, it means the company has been incorporated. There also are other abbreviations that a company can have after its name:

Corp. The difference between inc. and corp. is that inc. means the company has been incorporated. If a company uses corp., it usually is incorporated, but may not be.

LLC. This abbreviation that means the company is a limited liability company. This type of company is owned by its members and it has pass-through tax liability, which means the company does not pay taxes on income, but the members do. Members are protected from liability, which lies with the company.

Co. This option that simply states the business is a company, and it may not be incorporated.

What does it mean to be incorporated?

When a company is incorporated, it means that it has formally designated itself as a corporation under the laws of at least one state.

In other words, it has filed all the necessary legal documents with that state and is operating as a corporation in the eyes of the government and the IRS.

A company that is incorporated must follow all laws pertaining to corporations.

Steps to incorporation

When a business decides to incorporate, it first must choose the state in which it will incorporate. Then the following steps are taken:

Select a name and search to make sure that the name has not already been taken by another corporation in that state.

Choose a type of corporation to be: an S corporation (which has pass-through tax liability so the corporation does not pay tax, but the shareholders do), a C corporation (which pays corporation taxes), or an LLC.

Choose a board of directors.

Decide what kind of shares it will be issued to stockholders. These can include ordinary, preferred, or shares with or without voting rights.

Designate a registered agent within the state who can receive legal documents on behalf of the corporation.

Files articles of incorporation with the state.

Write bylaws or rules for how the company will conduct its business.

Issue stock to shareholders.

Once those steps have been followed, a corporation is up and running and ready to do business.

What does inc. mean in business? It means you've checked all the boxes and set your company up for success with a solid legal basis.

Find out more about Forming Your CorporationLearn moreThis article is for informational purposes. This content is not legal advice, it is the expression of the author and has not been evaluated by LegalZoom for accuracy or changes in the law.You may also likeStarting a BusinessWhat does 'inc.' mean in a company name?'Inc.' in a company name means the business is incorporated, but what does that entail, exactly? Here's everything you need to know about incorporating your business.

October 9, 2023 · 10min readTrademarksWhy do I need to conduct a trademark search?By knowing what other trademarks are out there, you will understand if there is room for the mark that you want to protect. It is better to find out early, so you can find a mark that will be easier to protect.

October 4, 2023 · 4min readStarting Your LLCHow to get an LLC and start a limited liability companyConsidering an LLC for your business? The application process isn't complicated, but to apply for an LLC, you'll have to do some homework first.

February 15, 2024 · 11min readTopGet helpful tips and info from our newsletter!CompanyCompanyAboutCareersContactInvestorsPressAffiliates & partnersFast Break for Small BusinessSupportSupportOrder statusCustomer CareSpeak with an attorneyJoin our attorney networkSecuritySee all servicesLearn moreLearn moreLegal help articlesLegal form templatesLegalZoom vs ZenBusinessWhat is an LLC?How to Start an LLC?© LegalZoom.com, Inc. All rights reserved.LegalZoom provides access to independent attorneys and self-service tools. LegalZoom is not a law firm and does not provide legal advice, except where authorized through its subsidiary law firm LZ Legal Services, LLC. Use of our products and services is governed by our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.Your privacy choi

Inc. | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

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Meaning of Inc. in English

Inc.adjective [ after noun ] uk

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abbreviation for incorporated: used in the names of US companies that are legally established: Bishop Computer Services, Inc.

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(Definition of Inc. from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)

Inc. | American Dictionary

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short form ofincorporated: Automated Document Systems, Inc.

(Definition of Inc. from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

inc | Business English

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incl. : They operate two flights a day between London and Lyon for £60 return inc taxes. The Guide costs £8.95 inc. postage and packing.

Inc.adjective [ after noun ] uk

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abbreviation for

Incorporated : used in the US after the name of a company organized as a legal corporation (= a particular type of company): Time Inc. announced it would launch a Greek version of two of its magazines. Developer enthusiasm for Apple Inc. increases before every new product launch.

(Definition of Inc. from the Cambridge Business English Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

What is the pronunciation of Inc., inc?

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in Chinese (Traditional)

（用在合法組建公司的名稱後）組成公司的（incorporated的縮寫）…

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（用在合法组建公司的名称后）组成公司的（incorporated的缩写）…

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forma abreviada de "incorporated":, constituido como sociedad anónima, Inc.…

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forma abreviada de "incorporated", S/A (sociedade anônima)…

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Inc., z os. prawn. (= = z osobowością prawną), wraz z…

şirket/kuruluşu simgeleyen kısaltma, dahil…

S.A.R.L. (société à responsabilité limitée) [feminine], inclus, compris…

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What does 'inc.' mean in a company name? | LegalZoom

does 'inc.' mean in a company name? | LegalZoomBusinessPersonalAttorneysFormsSupportSign inOpen main menuBusiness FormationStarting a BusinessWhat does 'inc.' mean in a company name?'Inc.' in a company name means the business is incorporated, but what does that entail, exactly? Here's everything you need to know about incorporating your business.

Ready to start your business? Plans start at $0 + filing fees.Check availabilityExcellentStarting a BusinessLearn moreby Katherine GustafsonKatherine is a freelance writer specializing in creating content related to tech, finance, business, environment, an...Read more...ContentsUpdated on: October 9, 2023 · 10min readDoes 'Inc.' mean a corporation?Advantages of incorporationAre all corporations 'Inc.'?What is the difference between Inc. and LLC?Inc. vs. LLC: Which is better for a small business?How to choose your business entity typeHow to create your legal entityYou can add 'Inc.' nowMany small businesses start out as sole proprietorships, and there's not a lot of legal or financial separation between their owners' business and personal lives.

As these new companies grow, however, many entrepreneurs come to the point of considering a new business structure and may think about creating a company or incorporating it. But they may not be clear on what that “Inc." at the end of business names really means.

So what does "Inc." mean ? It signifies that the incorporated company is an entirely separate entity from its owner(s), and it also means that the business is being run in specific ways with regard to federal, state, and tax law.

If you're considering creating an incorporated business, read on to learn more about the meaning of "Inc."

Does 'Inc.' mean a corporation?

The short answer is yes: “Inc." in a company name signifies that a business is a legal entity called a corporation or an incorporated business. "Inc." is an abbreviation of "incorporated."

There are two types of "Inc." Incorporating typically involves choosing whether you want to incorporate your business as an S corporation (S corp) or a C corporation (C corp). The differences between these types of corporations revolve around what types of stock they can issue, how many shareholders they can have, and how their income or profits are taxed.

A key element of a corporation or "Inc." is that it is a distinct entity with a legal status apart from its owners and shareholders. An incorporated business is seen as its own "person" under the law. This separation limits the owners' personal liability and allows the business to live on after an owner's or shareholder's death.

"Whether you're a small or a big company, you want to be incorporated for a key reason of liability," says Robin Gerofsky Kaptzan, partner and Asia-Pacific Chair at Zahn Law Group, LLP. "If you don't have a corporation, you could become personally liable. By having a company, you're putting a shield up between your company and the world."

Advantages of incorporation

There are several advantages to incorporating, but whether these are enough to make the process worthwhile for your company depends on your business goals, income level, and other factors.

"When they decide they want to incorporate, I always ask clients, 'What's your end game? What's your exit strategy? Where do you want to be in five or 10 years?'" says Kaptzan. "All of these questions and many more should be considered at the very beginning of setting up a business."

Liability protection

One of the major reasons to incorporate is to gain liability protection for your personal assets. If your corporation gets in financial trouble, you won't be personally liable for the fallout, presuming you've been keeping your corporation in good standing legally.

It is not necessary to become an "Inc." to get this benefit, however. You can also become an "LLC," which stands for limited liability company. This status also gives you the same level of personal liability protection, typically with less administration involved.

"The reason why we incorporate or select an LLC is we want to have this liability protection," says Neil Johnson, a CPA with Harness Tax LLC. "For some people, they want to have that separate legal entity so they can bifurcate business versus personal."

Reduce your taxes

To reduce your taxes, incorporate and then apply to the IRS for S chapter status to file as S corporation, advises George Feehery, a mentor with SCORE, a partner organization for the Small Business Administration, and an adjunct professor at Western Governors University.

“You can pay yourself a salary," he says. "In that case, 50% of the Social Security tax is paid by the corporation, which you can then expense. You as an individual pay the other 50%." Additionally, you only pay self-employment tax on the amount of income that is designated as your official salary.

You'll only secure a meaningful tax advantage if you're pulling in enough revenue to make the logistical demands of incorporating worthwhile.

"I like to see the business having at least about $75,000 a year in profit simply because when you go to the S corp vs. the single-member LLC, there are higher compliance costs," Johnson says. "Plus, you have to set up payroll. We don't want the compliance costs to outweigh the tax benefits."

Fund your company through stock

Many companies struggle to find funding to grow. Securing loans and grants can be difficult, as they often demand a certain number of years in business, a comprehensive business plan, or other requirements. Another method of accessing capital is to sell stock to raise funds, which you can only do if you incorporate.

“When you incorporate, you can issue stock and sell that stock to friends and family as a way to fund your business," says Feehery.

An S corporation can issue only a single class of stock and is limited to 100 shareholders, while a C corporation can have more than one class of stock and unlimited shareholders.

Are all corporations 'Inc.'?

All corporations are "Inc.," but not all business entities are corporations. A popular alternative to incorporating is forming a limited liability company, which has an “LLC" after its business name instead of an "Inc."

What is the difference between Inc. and LLC?

Both corporations and limited liability companies are legal entities that create a separation between a business and its owners and/or shareholders. It can be confusing to parse the differences between a corporation and an LLC, especially because LLCs can elect with the IRS to be taxed as an S corporation or a C corporation.

“The magic tax fairy dust with an LLC is choosing how to be taxed," says Johnson. The main differences between an Inc. and an LLC involve the requirements for maintaining the business' legal status and rules about shareholders and stock.

Corporations must do a number of things to retain legal incorporated status, such as filing an annual report; holding annual meetings; and maintaining corporate minutes, corporate bylaws, and an operating agreement. LLCs typically only have to file an annual report. Every corporation must have a director and a registered agent who agrees to receive important legal and tax documents on behalf of the business.

The other major difference is that LLCs cannot issue stock and have shareholders, while corporations can. The rules for how many shareholders a corporation can have vary by whether the company is an S corp or a C corp, but in both cases they can raise money by selling shares. LLC owners must raise money in other ways.

Inc. vs. LLC: Which is better for a small business?

Corporations and limited liability companies are simply two different options for how a company wants to set itself up; as such, neither one is objectively better than the other. But one will likely be a better fit for your company.

Both corporations and LLCs are legally separate entities that limit business owners' personal liability. But they differ in how much work is required to maintain their legal status and whether they can issue stock. LLCs require less administrative upkeep, but they cannot issue stock.

One reason that small business owners choose LLCs is that failing to maintain your business' legal status through proper management can expose you to personal liability after all. For this reason, an LLC's ease of upkeep is a major point in its favor.

"There's a concept called piercing the corporate veil, allowing a person to challenge you and say, 'You didn't really act like a corporation, so we can come after you personally,'" says Kaptzan. A corporation must do a decent amount of documentation, counseling, and legwork to defend itself from such an accusation.

"You need to file an annual report to keep the corporation in good standing, and you're also required to maintain corporate minute books and have annual meetings," says Johnson. "We find a lot of small businesses don't necessarily do those things; they just file the annual report. You may be forming the corporation to have some sort of liability protection, but if you're not doing all these things, it makes it easy for an opposing attorney to pierce the corporate veil."

Johnson advises his clients that they can accomplish the same things as a corporation taxwise by becoming an LLC and electing to be taxed as a C corp or S corp but with less maintenance and risk.

How to choose your business entity type

The most common form of corporation is a C corp, which pays income taxes on the corporate level and issues dividends to its shareholders. C corporations can have an unlimited number of shareholders. S corporations, like LLCs and sole proprietorships, are "pass-through" tax entities, also called disregarded entities. This means the business income is reported on the business owners' personal income tax returns. An S corp, also called a close corporation, can only have 100 shareholders, all of whom must be United States citizens.

Figuring out which type of "Inc." to become (or whether to become an LLC instead) can be complex and is heavily informed by your goals for your business. It's a good idea to engage a CPA and/or lawyer to advise you on how to proceed with incorporating your business.

"There's a laundry list of pros and cons," says Kaptzan. "It comes back to 'what's your priority?' You want to leave yourself flexibility for future decisions."

An LLC can easily be transformed into a corporation (or can opt to pay taxes as a corporation), but it is difficult to turn an incorporated business into an LLC. This is why creating an LLC typically gives companies more flexibility.

Taxes are often the central factor in the decision about what type of business entity to create.

“It could be that you need to be more tax-advantageous because you're making a lot," says Kaptzan. “Just by changing a corporation's structure, you can potentially save a lot of money."

Also, shareholders of C corporations get money out of the business as dividends, a situation that creates double taxation. All the profits of an S corp, on the other hand, are taxed at the shareholder level, so there is no problem with double taxation. Such considerations should be part of your decision-making on how to incorporate.

How to create your legal entity

How you must go about getting the "Inc."—that is, incorporating—varies by state law and the specific type of corporation you want your business to become.

Many businesses choose to incorporate in their home state, but others pick states with laws that are favorable to corporations. Incorporating in Delaware is popular in this regard, with more than 60% of Fortune 500 companies choosing the state. Examples of companies that are incorporated in Delaware are Amazon, CVS, and Comcast.

The next step on the road to incorporation is to compile and file articles of incorporation with your chosen state's secretary of state. As part of this process, you'll need to identify a director and a registered agent for your corporation. Each state also has a filing fee that you must pay when filing the articles.

Feehery recommends getting professional help with the incorporation process, even if you have to invest some money to do so. “Is the cost of incorporating worthwhile? You can do it yourself, but it's a pain," he says.

And it's important to set your company up correctly, as it may be difficult to unwind mistakes later.

You can add 'Inc.' now

Once you have received notification that your business entity is registered with the state as a corporation, you are literally in business. At this point, you can formally add the denomination "Incorporated" or "Inc." to your newly formed corporation. Alternately, you can add the words "Corporation" or "Company," or abbreviations "Corp." or "Co."

No matter which business type you choose to create—whether you form a corporation or form an LLC—remember to properly maintain your legal status so, your company can thrive into the future.

Find out more about Starting a BusinessLearn more

This article is for informational purposes. This content is not legal advice, it is the expression of the author and has not been evaluated by LegalZoom for accuracy or changes in the law.You may also likeStarting a BusinessWhat does 'inc.' mean in a company name?'Inc.' in a company name means the business is incorporated, but what does that entail, exactly? Here's everything you need to know about incorporating your business.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

American business media company

Inc.September 2023 issue of Inc.EditorScott OmelianukCategoriesBusinessFrequency6 times per year[1]Total circulation(June 2019)653,189[2]First issueApril 1979; 44 years ago (1979-04)CompanyMansueto Ventures, LLCCountryUnited StatesBased inNew York City, New York, U.S.LanguageEnglishWebsitewww.inc.com ISSN0162-8968

Inc. is an American business magazine founded in 1979 and based in New York City.[3][4] The magazine publishes six issues per year, along with surrounding online and social media content. The magazine also produces several live and virtual events yearly.[5]

Published by Mansueto Ventures, Inc. is best known for its annual rankings of the fastest-growing privately held companies in the United States, called the "Inc. 500" and "Inc. 5000."[6]

History[edit]

Early years[edit]

Inc. was founded in Boston by Bernie Goldhirsh, and its first issue appeared in April 1979.The magazine was headquartered in Boston's waterfront on the India Wharf and relocated to NYC in the early 2000's.[7] Goldhirsh was an MIT-trained mechanical engineer who founded Sail magazine,[6] which he sold for $10 million in 1980.[6] Paul W. Kellam, who had joined Goldhirsh's company as editor of Marine Business, was one of Inc.'s first editors.[8] Goldhirsh kept a low profile, and George Gendron, who served as editor-in-chief from 1980 to 2002, was considered the "public face" of the magazine.

In October 1981, Inc. became the first magazine to feature Steve Jobs on its cover, alongside the proclamation, "This man has changed business forever."[9]

In 1982, the magazine began publishing its Inc. 100 ranking, which showcases the fastest-growing privately held companies in the United States, which later became Inc. 500.[10]

In 2000, Goldhirsh sold the magazine to German publishing house Gruner + Jahr[11] for a reported price of over $200 million.[8] In 2005, Joe Mansueto, founder of investment research firm Morningstar Ventures, bought Inc. and another business title, Fast Company, for about $35 million, forming publishing company Mansueto Ventures.[12]

In 2007, the magazine’s Inc. 500 list was expanded to the Inc. 5000 to include more fast-growing companies.[13][14]

2010-2020[edit]

In December 2013, Eric Schurenberg was appointed president and editor-in-chief of Inc.,[10] replacing the long-tenured Jane Berentson. In March 2018, Schurenberg was appointed CEO of Mansueto Ventures, and Ledbetter was promoted to editor-in-chief of Inc.[11]

Its current editor-in-chief is Scott Omelianuk, former editor-in-chief of This Old House magazine. He succeeded James Ledbetter in early 2020.[12][13]

In 2015, the Inc. 5000 Europe ranking was published.[15][16][17]

Inc. Uncensored podcast won the 2016 and 2017 min's Best of the Web Awards for Best Podcast, along with a 2018 Folio: Eddie & Ozzie Award honorable mention.[16]

Inc. received multiple Folio awards in 2017 and 2018, including honors for full-print issues, best redesign, use of video, and use of social media.[16] Its 2016 feature, "The Stealthy Sales Kings of Amazon", won a Best in Business award from the Society for Advancing Business Writing and Editing.[17]

Operations[edit]

Inc. is owned by Mansueto Ventures, Joe Mansueto’s company, which also owns Fast Company.[18]

Inc. focuses on entrepreneurship, startups, small businesses, and business growth. It provides insights, advice, special reports, and resources for business owners, entrepreneurs, and professionals in building their companies, as well as daily news on money, tech, and management.[19]

It publishes books under the imprint An Inc. Original in partnership with Greenleaf Book Group.[15]

Inc. produces a weekly, award-winning podcast called Inc. Uncensored, where Inc. journalists discuss startups, technology, market and industry trends, and more. The podcast has released hundreds of episodes and won the 2016 and 2017 min's Best of the Web Awards for Best Podcast, along with a 2018 Folio: Eddie & Ozzie Award honorable mention.[16]

Inc.'s office is at 7 World Trade Center in New York City.[20]

The magazine hosts several events, including the annual Inc. 5000 Conference & Awards Ceremony, which celebrates the Inc. 5000 and allows honorees, alumni, and other growth-minded entrepreneurs to learn and network.[21][22]

As of 2023, Inc. has 8 recognition programs: Inc. Best Workplaces, Inc. Best in Business, Inc. Regionals, Inc. Founder-Friendly Investors, Inc. Female Founders, Inc. Power Partners, Ignition Schools and Inc. 5000. Inc. Best Workplaces is an annual list compiled by Inc. magazine that recognizes US companies with exceptional workplace cultures. These rankings are based on aspects such as company culture, employee benefits, professional development opportunities, work-life balance, and overall employee satisfaction. It highlights organizations that prioritize their employees' well-being and foster a positive work culture.[23][24] The magazine also presents an annual Inc. Best in Business Award to the companies that have made an extraordinary impact in their fields and on society in the past 12 months. The winners are selected from a wide array of categories. Inc.’s editors assess the impact a company has achieved over the year, both in its industry and on a social level. Honorees chosen by Inc. appear in its Winter issue and featured on the Inc. website.[25][26] Inc. Regionals, is an extension of the Inc. 5000 and rankings of the fastest-growing companies in a particular region of the US: Pacific, Southeast, Northeast, Southwest, Midwest and Mid-Atlantic.[27] Inc. Founder-Friendly Investors is a published list of founder-friendly private equity firms and venture capital firms in America. Inc. Female Founders list recognizes women entrepreneurs. Inc. Power Partners recognizes the companies in the B2B field, and Ignition Schools is devoted to academic institutions, universities, and colleges.

Editors-in-chief[edit]

George Gendron — 1980–2002

John Koten — 2002–2005[28]

Jane Berentson — 2005–2012

Eric Schurenberg — 2012–2018

James Ledbetter — 2018–2019

Scott Omelianuk — 2020–present[29][30]

Inc.500[edit]

In April 1979, the inaugural issue of Inc. featured the 'Inc. 100,' a list of the fastest-growing, publicly held small companies. By 1982, this list had expanded to the 'Inc. 500,' ranking companies based on their overall revenue growth over a three-year period. The top 500 companies are featured in the September issue of Inc. magazine each year, highlighting their significant growth and achievements in the private sector of the United States.[31][32][33]

Inc.5000[edit]

Inc. 5000 was first presented in 2007, expanding the Inc. 500. It lists the 5,000 fastest-growing private companies in the U.S. This list ranks these companies based on their revenue growth rate, defining revenue as gross revenue minus returns and allowances, excluding the cost of goods sold. It categorizes the fastest-growing companies by industry, metro area, revenue, and number of employees, with special highlights for women and minority-run businesses.[34]

To be eligible, privately owned companies must demonstrate three years of revenue growth. Once included in the Inc. 5000, these companies are invited to a three-day Inc. conference. While all 5,000 companies are profiled on Inc.com, only the top 500 gain the spotlight in the September issue of Inc. magazine.[34]

External links[edit]

Official website

"Inc 500 Fastest Growing Companies in America List"

"The Stealthy Sales Kings of Amazon"

Incorporation (business) - Wikipedia

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1In the United States

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1.1Legal benefits

1.2Legal history of incorporation in the United States

1.2.1Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819

1.2.2Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad, 1886

1.2.3Liggett v. Lee, 1933

1.2.4First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 1978

1.2.5Citizens United v. FEC, 2010

1.3Steps required for incorporation

1.4Taxation

1.5Reporting after incorporation

2Incorporation in the United Kingdom

Toggle Incorporation in the United Kingdom subsection

2.1Types of companies

3Europe

4Asia

5Canada

6See also

7References

8External links

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Legal process to create a new corporation

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Incorporation is the formation of a new corporation. The corporation may be a business, a nonprofit organization, sports club, or a local government of a new city or town[citation needed].

In the United States[edit]

Specific incorporation requirements in the United States differ on a state by state basis. However, there are common pieces of information that states require to be included in the certificate of incorporation.[citation needed]

Business purpose

Corporation name

Registered agent

Inc.

Share par value

Number of authorized shares of stock

Directors

Preferred shares

Officers

Legal address

A business purpose describes the incorporated tasks a company has to do or provide. The purpose can be general, indicating that the budding company has been formed to carry out "all lawful business" in the region. Alternatively, the purpose can be specific, furnishing a more detailed explanation of the products and/or services to be offered by their company.[citation needed]

The chosen name should be followed with a corporate identifier such as "Corp.", "Inc.", or "Co.". A preliminary name availability search is advisable prior to the submission of the Articles of Incorporation. In the case of online incorporation, the state will have the final say with regards to the name chosen for the company. The name should not deceive or mislead consumers.[citation needed]

Registered agents are responsible for receiving all legal and tax documentation on behalf of the corporation.[citation needed]

Share per value refers to the stated minimum value and generally doesn't correspond to the actual share value. In reality, the value of a share is based on its fair market value or the amount a buyer is willing to pay. An Inc. stipulates the exact number of shares the corporation is willing to authorize. It is mandatory for every corporation to have stock. If the corporation is willing to permit both preferred as well as common shares of stock, then this should have a mention in the articles of incorporation, along with the voting rights information. Generally, preferred shares provide its shareholders preferential payments of distribution of assets or dividends, in case the company shuts down its operations. A lot of small business owners only allow shares of common stock.[citation needed]

Legal benefits[edit]

There are a number of legal benefits that come with incorporation.

One significant legal benefit is the protection of personal assets against the claims of creditors and lawsuits. Sole proprietors and general partners in a partnership are personally and jointly responsible for all the legal liability (LL) of a business such as loans, accounts payable, and legal judgments. In a corporation, however, shareholders, directors and officers typically are not liable for the company's debts and obligations. They are limited in liability to the amount they have invested in the corporation. For example, if a shareholder purchased $100 in stock, no more than $100 can be lost. On the other hand, a corporation (Corp.) or a limited liability company (LLC) may hold assets such as real estate, cars or boats. If a shareholder of a corporation is personally involved in a lawsuit or bankruptcy, these assets may be protected. A creditor of a shareholder of a Corp. or LLC cannot seize the assets of the company. However, the creditor may be able to seize ownership shares in the corporation, as they are considered a personal asset.[1]

In the United States, corporations can sometimes be taxed at a lower rate than individuals. Also, corporations can own shares in other corporations and receive corporate dividends 80% tax-free. There are no limits on the amount of losses a corporation may carry forward to subsequent tax years. A sole proprietorship, on the other hand, cannot claim a capital loss greater than $3,000 unless the owner has offsetting capital gains.[2]

A corporation is capable of continuing indefinitely. Its existence is not affected by the death of shareholders, directors, or officers of the corporation. Ownership in a Corp. or LLC is easily transferable to others, either in whole or in part. Some state laws are particularly corporate-friendly. For example, the transfer of ownership in a corporation incorporated in US-DE is not required to be filed or recorded.[citation needed]

Legal history of incorporation in the United States[edit]

Legal opinion on corporations has evolved significantly throughout history, and Supreme Court cases provide a means to observe this evolution. While these cases may seem arbitrary and decontextualized when examined individually, when viewed successively and within historical context, a narrative emerges that offers an explanation for why such views are upheld.

Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819[edit]

Main article: Dartmouth College v. Woodward

In 1816, the New Hampshire state legislature passed a bill intended to turn privately owned Dartmouth College into a publicly owned university with a board of trustees appointed by the governor.[3] The board filed a suit challenging the constitutionality of the legislation. The suit alleged that the college enjoyed the right to contract and the government changing that contract was not allowed. Chief Justice John Marshall delivered the majority opinion and affirmed that the right to contract exists between owners of private property rather than between a government and its citizens. The case was the first case in US history that asked fundamental questions about corporate entities and the protections they enjoy; it also was a precedent-setting case in extending "individual rights" to corporations.

Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad, 1886[edit]

The railroad was an expensive multi-year project that greatly changed and altered both the physical and commercial landscape of the country. As with most new technology developments that have a broad impact, there are disputes about how those technologies and the businesses they thrive in fit under the umbrella of laws that govern regulations and taxation. In 1886 one such taxation dispute arose between Santa Clara County and Southern Pacific Railroad.[4] The railroad thought the tax code was misapplied to some of their property and assets. In deciding the case, a unanimous court ruled that governments must abide by the same tax code enforcement for individuals that it did for corporations. While not explicitly stated in the case, it was implied that this case extended equal protection rights to corporations under the 14th amendment.

Liggett v. Lee, 1933[edit]

The booming economy the railroad corporations helped build from the late 19th into the early 20th centuries came to a screeching halt in 1929. The Great Depression, as it came to be known, helped a view of corporations emerge that put them at odds with the normal working man. The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt was a manifestation of many populist sentiments the country might have felt. In 1933 a Florida case came before the court, again disputing taxation.[5] In Liggett v. Lee the court ruled that there could be a corporate tax, essentially saying the structure of business was a justifiably discriminatory criterion for governments to consider when writing tax legislation. This was a unique ruling handed down during a unique time in US history that denied a corporation freedom it sought in the courtroom.

First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 1978[edit]

From 1940 to 1990 the percent of total GDP made up by financial service professionals increased by 300%.[6] Along with that growth there was a growth in the profits this industry experienced as well. As the disposable income of banks and other financial institutions rose, they sought a way to use it to influence politics and policy. In response, Massachusetts passed a law limiting corporate donations strictly to issues related to their industry.[7] The First National Bank of Boston challenged the law on First Amendment grounds and won. First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti allowed business to use financial speech in political causes of any nature.

Citizens United v. FEC, 2010[edit]

In 2010 amidst an outpouring of frustration and blame directed at Wall Street the issue of corporate contributions came before the court again.[8] In Citizens United v. FEC the court said there was virtually no distinction between monetary contributions and political speech, and because we do not limit political speech unless it is tantamount to bribery, corporations have the right as people to donate unlimited amounts of money to any political cause so long as it is not to a direct campaign.

Steps required for incorporation[edit]

The articles of incorporation (also called a charter, certificate of incorporation or letters patent) are filed with the appropriate state office, listing the purpose of the corporation, its principal place of business and the number and type of shares of stock.[9] A registration fee is due, which is usually between $25 and $1,000, depending on the state.

A corporate name is generally made up of three parts: "distinctive element", "descriptive element", and a legal ending. All corporations must have a distinctive element, and in most filing jurisdictions, a legal ending to their names. Some corporations choose not to have a descriptive element. In the name "Tiger Computers, Inc.", the word "Tiger" is the distinctive element; the word "Computers" is the descriptive element; and the "Inc." is the legal ending. The legal ending indicates that it is in fact a legal corporation and not just a business registration or partnership. Incorporated, limited, and corporation, or their respective abbreviations (Inc., Ltd., Corp.) are the possible legal endings in the US.

Usually, there are also corporate bylaws which must be filed with the state. Bylaws outline a number of important administrative details such as when annual shareholder meetings will be held, who can vote and the manner in which shareholders will be notified if there is need for an additional "special" meeting.

Taxation[edit]

Main article: Corporate tax in the United States

Corporations can only deduct net operating losses going back two years and forward 20 years.

Reporting after incorporation[edit]

Assuming a corporation has not sold stock to the public, conducting corporate business is straightforward. Often, it amounts to recording key corporate decisions (for example, borrowing money or buying real estate) and holding an annual meeting. These formalities can often be supplanted by written agreement and do not usually need a face-to-face meeting.

Incorporation in the United Kingdom[edit]

Main article: Company formation

In the UK, the process of incorporation is generally called company formation. The United Kingdom is one of the quickest locations to incorporate, with a fully electronic process and a very fast turnaround by the national registrar of companies, the Companies House. The current Companies House record is five minutes to vet and issue a certificate of incorporation for an electronic application.[citation needed]

Types of companies[edit]

There are many different types of UK companies:

Public limited company (PLC)

Private company limited by shares (Ltd.)

Company limited by guarantee

Unlimited company (Unltd.)

Limited liability partnership (LLP)

Community interest company

Industrial and provident society (IPS)

Royal charter (RC)

Europe[edit]

In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the GmbH ("Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung", meaning "limited liability business association"), as well as the AG ("Aktiengesellschaft", meaning "business association with shares"), are the entities most similar to the corporations in the US.[citation needed]

In the United Kingdom, with the exception of an unlimited company or corporation which requires no designation as part of its legal company name, the titles Ltd. (limited company), CIC, CIO, or plc (public limited company) are used for corporations (or their Welsh equivalents in Wales).[citation needed]

In France, Switzerland, Belgium and Luxembourg, the term "SARL (French: société à responsibilité limitée, company with limited liability)" or SA (French: société anonyme, anonymous corporation) or SAS (French: société par actions simplifiée, simplified anonymous joint-stock corporation) is used.[citation needed]

Spain, Portugal, Romania and Latin America use the title SA (anonymous partnership) for stock corporations or Ltda (limitada or limited liability) for limited companies. (Ltda is denoted SL in Spain, for "Sociedad Limitada", and SRL in Argentina, for "Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada").[citation needed]

In Poland there is the title SA (standing for Spółka Akcyjna, Polish for stock partnership) for stock corporations or Sp. z o.o. (Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością, a partnership with limited liability) for limited companies. There is also Spółka komandytowa (Sp. K.), a partnership where at least one partner is fully liable and other one has limited liability, and Spółka komandytowo-akcyjna (Sp. K. A.) – a partnership where at least one partner is fully liable and other one is a stock shareholder not being liable.[citation needed]

Denmark and Norway use the title A/S for stock corporations (Danish: Aktieselskab, Norwegian: Aksjeselskap), while Sweden uses the similar AB (Swedish: aktiebolag). Finland uses Oy (Finnish: Osakeyhtiö), Oyj for stock corporations (Osakeyhtiö, julkinen) and Ay (Avoin yhtiö) or Ky (Kommandiittiyhtiö) for private enterprises.[citation needed]

Italy uses "Srl" or "Società a Responsabilità Limitata" (limited liability company), and "SpA" or "Società Per Azioni" (stock corporation).[citation needed]

Slovakia and the Czech Republic use s.r.o. (Slovak: spoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným, Czech: společnost s ručením omezeným meaning "business with limited liability") and a.s. (Slovak: akciová spoločnosť, Czech: akciová společnost meaning "business with shares").[citation needed]

In Latvia, the most commonly used title of a corporation is "S.I.A." (Latvian: Sabiedrība ar Ierobežotu Atbildību) for "limited liability company", or "LLC", and "A/S" (Latvian: Akciju Sabiedrība) for "joint stock company", or "JSC". The title "S.I.A." and "A/S" are put before the name of the corporation. Lithuania uses "UAB" (Lithuanian: Uždaroji Akcinė Bendrovė) for "limited liability company" and "AB" (Lithuanian: Akcinė Bendrovė) for "joint stock company", and, like in Latvia, they also appear before the corporation's name.[citation needed]

Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Slovenia uses: "D.O.O." or "Д.О.О." (in Cyrillic) (Serbian and Croatian: Društvo sa Ograničenom Odgovornošću / Друштво са Ограниченом Одговорношћу, Macedonian: Друштво со ограничена одговорност). The only difference is in Bulgaria, where it is reversed: "ООД" (OOD) (Bulgarian: Дружество с ограничена отговорност, romanization: Druzhestvo s ogranichena otgovornost). It also can be used for Ltd. (UK)

Albania uses "Sh.p.k" (Albanian: Shoqëri me Përgjegjësi të Kufizuar) for "limited liability company", "Sh.a." (Albanian: Shoqëri Anonime), meaning "anonymous partnership", for stock corporations. Pursuant to the Albanian legislation, the possible business structures are:

Sole proprietorship (person fizik) – A business owned and managed by one individual who is personally liable for all business debts and obligations.

Limited liability company (LLC) – A hybrid legal structure that provides the limited liability features of a corporation and the tax efficiencies and operational flexibility of a partnership.

Corporation – A legal entity owned by shareholders.

Non-profit – An organization engaged in activities of public or private interest where making a profit is not a primary mission. Some non-profits are exempt from federal taxes.

In the Netherlands, N.V. (Naamloze Vennootschap) and B.V. (Besloten Vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid) are used. In Belgium, the abbreviations NV and Bvba (or BV, resulting the new Belgian Code of Companies and Associations) are used for similar types of entity.[citation needed]

Asia[edit]

In India, the term Pvt Ltd is used for a company that is private, an entity similar to an LLC in the United States. Ltd is used for publicly listed companies (shares of a listed company are traded on the stock market) or a public corporation, a similar entity to a corporation in the US.

Indonesia uses PT (Indonesian: Perseroan Terbatas), meaning "private limited", which is the equivalent of an incorporated entity in the US. This legal title is stated in front of the corporation name. If the shares become publicly listed for trading in stock exchange, it is called Tbk. (Indonesian: Terbuka), appended after the corporation name.

China uses WFOE (or WOFE), to refer to a Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise (WFOE). This is the most popular form of business entity for foreign investors wanting to set up a company in China; it is a limited liability company.

Malaysia uses Sdn. Bhd. (Malay: Sendirian Berhad), meaning "private limited", which is the equivalent of an incorporated entity in the US.

Singapore uses Pte. Ltd., meaning "private limited", which is the equivalent of an incorporated entity in the US.[10]

Dubai uses "LLC" to denote a limited liability company. Listed companies use "PJSC" to denote a public joint stock company.

In Turkey, there are two types of companies: Joint Stock Company (JSC) and Limited Liability Company (LLC). 100% foreign ownership of a JSC is legally permitted under the Turkish Law.[11] A foreigner who has never been to Turkey can become a shareholder of a Turkish JSC by way of a power of attorney. Ltd. Şti. (which stands for Limited Şirketi) is a common form to denote limited liability companies.

In the Philippines, it uses the terms, Corporation & Incorporated (Inc.). similar entity to a corporation in the US.

Canada[edit]

In Canada, the process of incorporation can be done either at the federal or provincial level. Companies which incorporate with the federal government will generally need to register extra-provincially in the province that they elect to do business. Similarly, a provincial corporation may need to register extra-provincially if they are to have offices outside of their home province. Incorporated Canadian companies can generally use either Corp., Corporation, Inc., Incorporated, Incorporée, Limited, Limitée, Ltd., Ltée, Société par actions de régime fédéral, and S.A.R.F in their name, but this may vary from province to province. Note that there are two government structures operating within Canada. French system is prevalent in Quebec, while the English system is operating in 9 provinces/territories.

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Iglesia ni Cristo endorses Bongbong Marcos' presidential bid | Philstar.com

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Headlines INC formally endorses presidential bid of Bongbong Marcos

Philstar.comMay 3, 2022 | 7:26pm

MANILA, Philippines (Updated 7:43 p.m.) — Leadership of the influential Iglesia ni Cristo has announced its decision to formally endorse the presidential candidacy of former senator Ferdinand Marcos Jr.

Their official announcement came Tuesday afternoon over Net25, owned by Eagle Broadcasting Corp. whose primary stakeholders hold key positions within the powerful church group.

The religious group also announced its Senate slate, which includes:

Former PNP chief Guillermo Eleazar

Actor Robin Padilla

Former DPWH secretary Mark Villar

Former House Speaker Alan Peter Cayetano

Antique Rep. Loren Legarda

Former senator JV Ejercito

Sorsogon Gov. Chiz Escudero

Former senator and plunder convict Jinggoy Estrada

Sen. Sherwin Gatchalian

Sen. Joel Villanueva

Sen. Migz Zubiri

The INC has an estimated 3 million members in the Philippines and in over 150 countries and territories overseas. It was founded by Felix Manalo who served as the first Executive Minister of INC.

The religious group has historically announced its choice of candidates to support a few days before election day. Its support for Marcos was long rumored among pundits but was only explicitly confirmed Tuesday.

To recall, Marcos' proclamation rally in February was held at the Philippine Arena, which is legally owned by the religious group. Marcos’ camp at the time denied that they obtained endorsement from INC.

The religion is known for its practice of "bloc voting" during elections, where its members are encouraged to vote for whoever their leadership will support.

Other presidential bets, including Manila City mayor and Aksyon Demokratiko standard-bearer Isko Moreno have expressed hope that they would get the religious group's endorsement.

In a statement later Tuesday evening, Marcos said his camp was "very happy and wholeheartedly grateful" for the endorsement.

"We will strive that the trust granted by the Iglesia Ni Cristo fraternity will result in the true unity of Filipinos who love the Philippines and will undoubtedly face the challenges that will come together in preparing for a better tomorrow for our youth," he said.

Marcos Jr. is gunning for the country’s highest seat in the land, marking his family's second attempt to return to Malacañang after the ouster of the clan patriarch.

The two-decade rule of the clan patriarch was marked by outright abuse of human rights and massive plunder of state coffers. Rights group Amnesty International estimated that 70,000 people were imprisoned, 34,000 were tortured and 3,240 were killed during Martial Law. — with a report from Kristine Joy Patag

2022 ELECTIONS

BONGBONG MARCOS

FERDINAND MARCOS JR.

IGLESIA NI CRISTO

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More in Headlines ‘Perform acts of love during Holy Week’ ‘Philippines made significant strides in women’s rights’ Payments for COVID-19-related claims reach P16.7 billion – PhilHealth Comelec: Preparations for 2025 polls to proceed

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CSC: Adopt flexible work arrangements for Ramadan

By Elizabeth Marcelo | 2 hours ago

All state agencies should allow flexible work arrangements for Muslim officials and employees during the fasting period of...

Headlines

Pinoy soldiers in Korean War remembered

By Pia Lee-Brago | 2 hours ago

Filipino soldiers who fought with Korean soldiers during the Korean War in the 1950s were cited by former UN secretary general...

Headlines

DFA backs Magna Carta for Seafarers

By Alexis Romero | 2 hours ago

The Department of Foreign Affairs has expressed support for the enactment of the proposed Magna Carta of Filipino Seafarers,...

Headlines

‘Exposing China’s bad behavior won’t lead to war’

By Evelyn Macairan | 2 hours ago

It is “illogical” and “preposterous” to conclude that exposing China’s bad behavior in the West...

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Milk production up, importation down – NDA

By Bella Cariaso | 2 hours ago

The country has recorded an increase in local milk production and a decrease in milk importation, according to the National...

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Sinner, Alcaraz demolish Indian Wells opponents

1 day ago

Reigning Grand Slam champions Jannik Sinner and Carlos Alcaraz turned in dominating performances to roll into the fourth round...

HeadlinesINDIAN WELLSSPORTSTENNIS

Batang Pier thwart bolts

2 days ago

And the underdog’s surge continues in the PBA Season 48 Philippine Cup.

HeadlinesBASKETBALLSPORTS

Sabalenka survives tough grind

2 days ago

Australian Open champion Aryna Sabalenka saved four match points and needed four of her own to earn a 6-7 (2/7), 6-2, 7-6...

HeadlinesSPORTSTENNIS

Lady Bulldogs disarm Lady Warriors

2 days ago

The Lady Bulldogs cannot be stopped.

HeadlinesSPORTSVOLLEYBALL

Pinay fencer making waves in US NCAA

2 days ago

Filipina fencer Samantha Catantan continued to make progress in the US NCAA, gearing up for a chance to realize her Olympic...

HeadlinesNCAASPORTS

Recommended

Sinner, Alcaraz demolish Indian Wells opponents

Reigning Grand Slam champions Jannik Sinner and Carlos Alcaraz turned in dominating performances to roll into the fourth round of the ATP-WTA Indian Wells Masters.

1 day ago

INDIAN WELLS

SPORTS

TENNIS

Batang Pier thwart bolts

And the underdog’s surge continues in the PBA Season 48 Philippine Cup.

2 days ago

BASKETBALL

SPORTS

Sabalenka survives tough grind

Australian Open champion Aryna Sabalenka saved four match points and needed four of her own to earn a 6-7 (2/7), 6-2, 7-6 (8/6) victory over Payton Stearns on Saturday at the Indian Wells Masters.

2 days ago

SPORTS

TENNIS

Lady Bulldogs disarm Lady Warriors

The Lady Bulldogs cannot be stopped.

2 days ago

SPORTS

VOLLEYBALL

Pinay fencer making waves in US NCAA

Filipina fencer Samantha Catantan continued to make progress in the US NCAA, gearing up for a chance to realize her Olympic dream in the Paris Games this July.

2 days ago

NCAA

SPORTS

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tokenpocket钱包官方网下载|inc

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inc.com

What does inc. mean? | LegalZoom

Inc. | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

inc.com

Famous Iglesia ni Cristo personalities

What does 'inc.' mean in a company name? | LegalZoom

Inc. (magazine) - Wikipedia

Incorporation (business) - Wikipedia

inc.com

Iglesia ni Cristo endorses Bongbong Marcos' presidential bid | Philstar.com

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